Author: Mark Valderrama

  • Celestial Pearl Danio Care Guide: The Galaxy Fish That Took the Hobby by Storm

    Celestial Pearl Danio Care Guide: The Galaxy Fish That Took the Hobby by Storm

    Few fish made an entrance in this hobby quite like the celestial pearl danio. When photos of this fish first appeared on aquarium forums in 2006 โ€” white spots on a deep blue body, vivid red-orange fin markings โ€” people genuinely couldn’t believe something so striking existed and hadn’t been described yet. I remember the excitement at the time. Within months of discovery in Myanmar, wild populations were being heavily collected, raising real conservation concerns. These days, virtually all CPDs in the hobby are captive-bred, which is absolutely the right way to source them. After 25 years keeping fish, the celestial pearl danio is one of my favorite planted nano tank species โ€” but there’s a male aggression dynamic worth understanding before you set up your tank.

    Whether youโ€™ve already gotten a hold of some celestial pearl danios (CPDs) or are looking to introduce them to your aquarium in the near future, our comprehensive guide below is all you need to get on the right track.

    Species Overview

    Scientific NameDanio margaritatus
    Common NamesCelestial Pearl Danio, Fireworks Rasbora, Galaxy Rasbora, Microrasbora sp. galaxy
    FamilyCyprinidae
    OriginMyanmar / South East Asia
    DietOmnivore
    Care LevelModerate
    ActivityActive
    Lifespan3 to 5 Years
    TemperamentPeaceful
    Tank LevelMidwater
    Minimum Tank Size10 gallons
    Temperature Range72ยฐF – 76ยฐF
    Water Hardness2 – 10 dKH
    pH Range6.5 to 7.5
    Filtration/Water FlowStrong
    Water TypeFreshwater
    BreedingEgg-layer
    Difficulty to BreedEasy to breed; lays eggs
    CompatibilitySpecies tank or community nano tank
    OK, for Planted Tanks?Yes – plants recommended

    Origins and Habitat

    The world first came to know of the celestial pearl danio in 2006, when a man called Kamphol Udomritthiruj discovered the fish in a plant-filled pond in a mountainous area near Hopong, east of Inle Lake, in Myanmar. He shared a photo of the fish on a Singaporean fishkeeping forum, and the rest is history1.

    The ponds, which are the natural habitat of the galaxy rasbora, are heavily vegetated. They are located in a place consisting mainly of rice paddies and grasslands, which receive a lot of sun exposure. This is what leads to the fast growth of aquatic plants in the ponds, which make the celestial pearl daniosโ€™ home.

    Since that time, this species of fish has not been found in any other area. But unsurprisingly, this species has proliferated in the aquarium trade despite thatโ€”one look at it, and youโ€™ll understand the reason behind their popularity.

    Now, when the fish was first found, the genus they belonged to was contested. But aquarium traders needed to market the beautiful new celestial pearl danio, and doing this meant guessing their place in the world of cyprinidae. Thatโ€™s how they came to acquire the common name of galaxy rasbora.

    In 2007, a new genus was created solely for the celestial pearl danio by Tyson R. Roberts, a scientist with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.

    So, even though the name โ€œgalaxy rasboraโ€ is still widely used to refer to this fish, itโ€™s something of a misnomer, as it was discovered by Roberts that these little guys are more closely related to the danios than to the rasboras.

    What Do They Look Like?

    CELESTIAL PEARL DANIO

    Before they were Danio margaritatus, these vibrant little nano fish were given the scientific name of Celestichthys margaritatus. โ€œCelestichthys,โ€ from the Greek and Latin, is โ€œheavenly fishโ€ translated. Meanwhile, โ€œmargaritatusโ€ translates to โ€œadorned with pearls.โ€

    Heavenly fish adorned with pearlsโ€”thatโ€™s a pretty good place to start if you want to guess at the appearance of the Danio margaritatus.

    These are some of the smallest fish in the aquarium trade, not measuring more than 1.5 inches. They are vividly colored fish, with a base coloration of deep midnight blue.

    They are covered all over with bright yellow/white spots responsible for the galaxy-like pattern that gives them their name. Their bellies tend to take on an orange coloration.

    The fins of the celestial pearl danio, meanwhile, have a prominent shape and size. A tall dorsal fin protrudes from the lower third of the body of the fish. The anal and pelvic fins are wide.

    The fins tend to have a red or deep orange color which contrast gorgeously with the rest of their body. Youโ€™ll also see dual black lines and a few transparent parts on all the fins of the fish.

    The sexual dimorphism of the celestial pearl danio means that itโ€™s possible to identify their sex. Males tend to have a thinner shape and a brighter coloring than females. Meanwhile, the coloring of females can be more accurately categorized as golden blue than dark blue.

    How Big are They?

    When it is fully developed and sexually maturedโ€”which takes about 3 monthsโ€”the celestial pearl danio has an adult size of 1 inch in length. They can get as large as 1.5 inches.

    This small body is why they are classified as a nano fish. They do best in large groups. Females and males differ slightly in size, with females being slightly larger.

    How Long Do They Live?

    In captivity, with appropriate conditions ensured, the average celestial pearl danio can be expected to live at least 3 years, and a maximum of 5 years. Like many other freshwater fish, celestial pearls respond poorly to stress and inadequate or unstable water conditions. Proper care, diet, and a low stress environment will contribute to a longer lifespan.

    Temperament and Activity Level

    Galaxy rasboras are mostly quiet, peaceful fish who love to swim together in groups, and they are curious explorers as well. Although they are not schooling fish as many wrongly think of them, celestial pearl danios are certainly very social, and you should aim to have at least 6-7 of these beauties in one tank.

    When they all swim together, it creates a wavering, textured effect inside the aquarium that is truly awesome to behold. However, once they start getting used to their tank, they like spending time apart from the group as well.

    The only concern when it comes to the behavior or temperament of the galaxy rasbora is related to their sex. Itโ€™s important to tell male and female pearl danios apart because a large number of males might cause a problem.

    This is because males constantly battle over females, which unfortunately results in injury or, in the worst cases, even death. As such, you should keep fewer male CPDs in your aquarium than females.

    What Are Good Tank Mates?

    The best tank mates for a CPD are others of their kind. You should aim to keep at least 5-7 of these fish in the tank as they are a social species that love swimming together.

    We stress once again that itโ€™s very important to keep the number of female fishes higher than males, as having too many of the latter may lead to infighting for dominance.

    Owing to their size, the celestial pearl danio also does well in nano tanks with other peaceful fish of the same size, such as guppies and neon tetras.

    In fact, if you feel that your CPDs are much too shy or timid, introducing other fish might help them to feel more confident. In that way, suitable tank mates are a crucial part of celestial pearl danio care.

    Given that galaxy rasboras like to occupy the middle of the tank, we recommend filling the tank with other species who stay near the top.

    Good Tank Mates

    With the above conditions in mind, the following make great tank mates for these danios:

    You will notice that all of these species are small, just like the galaxy rasbora. Remember, if you decide to place so many small fish together, you have to make adjustments to the aquarium size accordingly. Small fish like this also lend well to planted tanks and aquascapes as the small size makes them a part of the scape versus the showcase. Most aquascapes are all about the design. The fish are a part of the piece so smaller fish work well with this style of aquarium keeping.

    Fish Species to Avoid

    Itโ€™s very important to choose only tank mates who are of the same size as your pearl danios. Even if they are generally peaceful, any fish significantly larger than celestial pearl danios might eat them. Not to mention, there will be competition for food.

    You should absolutely avoid putting your galaxy rasboras in with any aggressive fish, such as oscars, cichlids, or Jack dempseys. These fish will happily snack on and eat your prized Danios.

    Other fish who may not eat them, may be bothered by the dithering nature of these fish. Slow moving fish like Betta Fish often clash with Danios due to their nature. they also don’t compete well for food.

    What Do They Eat?

    As they are omnivores, celestial pearls will eat almost anything in the wild. They usually love plants and algae as well as zooplankton and might consume small invertebraes for protein.

    In captivity, they take well to diets of pellets and flakes, but these should be of high quality. Not to mention, the pellets/flakes should be small enough that they can fit easily in the tiny mouths of your pearl danios.

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    They like eating at mid-tank levels, so try to choose pellets and flakes that wonโ€™t sink so easily.

    What About Live Foods?

    Celestial pearl danios will eat live food you give them, such as live baby brine shrimp, krill, daphnia, moina, white worms, and grindal worms. Frozen cyclops and frozen baby brine also make great snacks for them and help you to provide a balanced diet.

    How Much and How Often to Feed?

    CPDs should be fed 3 to 4 times a day, but you should make it a point to give them small amounts of food every time. This prevents overfeeding or food wastage and keeps the water quality clean.

    Itโ€™s also important to cycle the food you give to your galaxy rasboras. This will ensure that they live longer and retain their vibrant coloring throughout their lives.

    Something else you need to know about these little guys is that they are prone to stress. And when this happens, it will affect their eating habits.

    So not only should you strive to ensure stress-free living conditions for your galaxy rasboras, you should also watch them closely when itโ€™s feeding time. This will allow you to identify the picky or shy eaters as well as the more active ones and cater to their needs accordingly.

    Celestial Pearl Danio Care Guide

    CPDs are relatively easy to care of, given that you ensure the best tank conditions for them. These little guys thrive in cold water and love to have plants to play around in. Hereโ€™s all you need to know about setting up a tank for your CPDs.

    Tank Size

    As weโ€™ve already mentioned above, the minimum tank size for 5-7 celestial pearl danios is 10 gallons (so about 2 gallons per fish). This gives them the space they need to play or hide as they wish.

    Youโ€™ll need to increase the aquarium size by an extra 10 gallons for every 5 of these fish you add. So if you have 30 CPDs, youโ€™ll need a tank of at least 30 gallons.

    Tank Setup

    Here are the particulars of the CPD fish tank setup:

    Plants

    When youโ€™re setting up a tank for these little fish, itโ€™s of utmost importance that you include plants to mimic the heavy vegetation of their natural habitat. These not only give the fish plenty of playing and hiding places, they also make for good snacks and provide ample space for breeding (if thatโ€™s one of your aims).

    In fact, the more variety you can create in your aquascaping endeavors, the better for these fish. CPDs absolutely love these environments. So donโ€™t hold backโ€” include any and all plants you wish to or think would go well with your aquarium or your fish. Keeping healthy, stress-free CPDs is not possible without plants. If you want to make these easier for you consider low energy or beginner level plants.

    Substrate

    As with plants, you have a wide variety of options when it comes to the aquarium substrate. Although they like swimming about in the middle of the aquarium, they also frequently stay towards the tankโ€™s bottom half. Since they donโ€™t dig, however, you donโ€™t have to worry about substrate size.

    That said, your chosen substrate should complement the plants you choose to place in the tank. Dark fine sand is a good option here as it will allow your plants to thrive and flourish, which is a requirement for keeping your danio fish happy. Sandy substrate is also easy to clean, an added benefit.

    Decor

    You have free reign when it comes to choosing decor for these fish as well. CPDs love having adequate spaces to hide and play in, so make it a point to include natural decor like rocks and driftwood where your fish can relax and play.

    Water Quality

    As with any other freshwater fish, itโ€™s of crucial importance to maintain good water quality for the health of your danio fish. Hereโ€™s what you should know:

    Filtration

    CPDs require strong filtration in their tanks. The biology of this fish is not able to handle too many pollutants in the water. Canister or power filters should work fine, although you should remember to block inlet tubes with sponges to prevent these tiny fish from getting sucked into them. They are very active fish and enjoy moving around the tank. A moderate flow will be healthy for them.

    Water Parameters

    The rich vegetation found in the shallow ponds which these little fish inhabit give the water a clean and pure quality with low mineral and salt levels . These are the conditions you should aim to recreate for your CPDs if you want them to be happy and stress-free.

    These are the basic recommended water parameters for CPDs:

    • Water Temperature: 72ยฐF to 76ยฐF
    • pH: 6.5 to 7.5
    • Water Hardness: 2 โ€“ 10 dKH

    Aquarium Maintenance

    As you know by now, taking care of these aquarium fish is pretty easy, given that you ensure clean water for them. Try to also keep levels of nitrates and dissolved organics low. Make regular water changes.

    Test Water Conditions

    In order to ensure proper water conditions for your aquatic pets, no matter if theyโ€™re CPDs or other fish, we recommend investing in a quality water testing kit. If you want a well-kept aquarium with healthy fish, accurate readings should be your first priority.

    Breeding

    If you want to breed your CPDs, youโ€™re in luck because theyโ€™re one of the easiest aquarium fish to breed.

    In fact, males of this fish species spend a good chunk of their time just courting the females (which, as we mentioned above, can lead to fighting and injury/death), which makes this a species that is constantly spawning โ€” pretty much daily.

    So, triggering the breeding process of this fish shouldnโ€™t require much input from you; just make sure you give your fish a steady and nourishing amount of live food.

    Are Your They Male or Female?

    As we discussed above, identifying the sex of this danio species is easy due to the speciesโ€™ sexual dimorphism. Although they are similarly sized, your female CPDs will have a rounder shape and a duller body color in comparison to the males.

    When a female is ready to spawn, she should develop a darkly colored, swollen spot near her anal fin. If you need a visual aid on determined if your danio is male or female, check out this video by The Secret History Living In Your Aquarium.

    The Mating Process

    How do you know when your CPDs are ready to spawn? Well, aside from the fact that both males and females try to breed almost daily after reaching maturity (which takes 3-4 months at most), there are some markers in behavior.

    Males will typically hover near a spawning mop or Java moss (whatever you provide for spawning), and when a female is nearby, males will shake and flare their fins to attract her.

    Once a male has caught her attention, a female CPD will swim down to where he is in the aquarium and nudge his anal fin with her head. Then they will shake together, releasing the eggs and milt.

    The Breeding Process

    CPDs are egg layers. To lay her eggs, a female CPD will find a spot in the tank where there is low water flow. She will usually also choose a large plant leaf to lay the tiny eggsโ€”more than 30 at a timeโ€”so you should provide that once again.

    You have to be alert and present during this process because male CPDs do eat their mateโ€™s eggs. So as soon as you see that the eggs have been laid, gently take them out and put them into a designated spawning tank.

    This also means that if you donโ€™t want too many CPDs just leave the eggs as they are. They will be eaten by their dads and disappear from the aquarium.

    After Breeding

    Once theyโ€™re in the spawning tank, the eggs will take up to 2-4 days to incubate, after which you will see tiny fry beginning to hatch.

    During this time, you should feed them micro foods. As they grow older and you move them into the main CPD tank, you can introduce them to live foods such as small worms and baby brine shrimp as well as flakes and pellets.  

    Health and Disease

    CPDs are not as prone to disease as other freshwater fish who are harder to care for. Nor have any diseases been discovered which are exclusive to CPDs.

    That said, they are still prone to being afflicted by common freshwater diseases.

    Signs of Health

    A healthy CPD, although shy and fond of hiding at times, is a pretty social fish. He or she will spend a lot of time swimming in groups and playing a little bit. As eager breeders, CPDs also spawn almost every day.

    Common Health Issues and Treatment

    Fin rot, in particular, is noticeable in these fish. As with any other fish, this freshwater disease can be identified by visual markers on the edges of the fishโ€™s fins. If the edges of the fins look discolored or frail, as if itโ€™s disintegrating, you can assume fin rot has taken a hold.

    Fin rot can be caused by a number of factors, the most common being poor water quality. However, it can be easily avoided if you constantly monitor pH levels with a good water testing kit.

    Fighting is another cause of fin rot. You can prevent your CPDs by fighting by ensuring a low male-to-female ratio in the aquarium. The more males there are, the higher the level of aggression and competition will be, leading to injurious fighting.

    If you do suspect fin rot, try to restore optimal water conditions as soon as possible. Then you can use antibacterial medications to treat the condition. The fins should begin to grow back.

    Where to Buy?

    Compared to other freshwater aquarium fish, CPDs do tend to be more expensive, sometimes going up to $15 to $20 for just one fish. However, since they are active breeders, theyโ€™re not too hard to find in a well-stocked aquarium shop. You can also find them being sold online, but be careful and do your research.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    How many should be kept together?

    You should keep no less than 6-7 CPDs together, as they like to group together (even though they are not shoaling fish). Remember to include a lower number of males than females.

    Do they need a heater?

    Noโ€”they actually have an affinity for cool water, so their fish tank should ideally be unheated.

    Are they hardy?

    They are indeed quite hardy and easy to take care of in any freshwater aquarium.

    How many should I have?

    In one 10-gallon tank, you can put 6 to 7 of these fish. If you wish to add more, you must increase the aquarium size as well.

    Can they live with bettas?

    No, because they have contrasting temperature requirements. Bettas require warmer water to live in (75 to 80 degrees C), while CPDs do well in cold water (below 74 degrees).

    Closing Thoughts

    The breathtaking beauty and shy nature of CPDs make them a popular choice for aquarists interested in nano fish and dither fish. A group of CPDs makes a great addition to any large, well-planted freshwater community tank, given they donโ€™t have any aggressive tank mates.

    Theyโ€™re easy to take care of and easy to breed if you ensure proper water conditions. Celestial pearl danios are definitely a rewarding fish to keep!


    ๐Ÿ“˜ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Freshwater Fish Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for freshwater species, care tips, tank setup, and more.

  • Java Fern Care – A Complete Guide

    Java Fern Care – A Complete Guide

    Java fern is one of the plants I recommend to every single beginner, and it’s been in my tanks on and off for years. It thrives in low-light conditions, doesn’t need CO2, and grows attached to rocks or driftwood rather than planted in substrate โ€” which makes it incredibly versatile. If you’ve struggled with plants before, java fern is the one that will restore your confidence.

    If you’re new to the world of planted tanks and looking for an easy plant to get started, this one is for you. The Java Fern, Microsorum pteropus, is a hardy plant that grows slowly and needs very little maintenance. Java Fern care can be a snap yet it is interesting enough to be valued in professional aquascapes.

    This is one of the most popular aquarium plants for freshwater aquariums because it is so easy and fun to grow. Read on to learn everything you need to know about caring for and growing the Java Fern.

    A Brief Overview Of Java Fern

    Scientific NameMicrosorum pteropus / Leptochilus pteropus
    Common NamesJava Fern
    FamilyPolypodiaceae
    OriginWidely distributed in Southeast Asia
    Skill LevelEasy
    LightingLow-Moderate, 40-125 PAR (Umols)
    Tank PlacementMid ground & Background
    Flow RateLow, Moderate
    Temperature Range64 – 82ยฐF
    Height10 – 12 inches
    pH Range6.0 โ€“ 8.0
    ProprogationDivision/ Adventitious Plantlets
    Growth RateSlow
    Feed TypeColumn Feeder
    Co2 RequirementNo

    Origins And Habitat

    Java Ferns are Asian Plants from tropical countries like Malaysia, Thailand, India, and China in the Southeast of the continent.

    In nature, the Java Fern is most likely to be found growing on rocks or tree trunks in the forest rather than underwater. It is an amphibious plant though, which means it does just as well submerged as emersed.

    As an aquatic plant, Java Ferns grow well in a wide range of habitats, like fast-flowing mountain streams, lowland marshes, and even some brackish environments.

    What Does Java Fern Look Like?

    What Does Java Fern Look Like

    Java Fern, Microsorum pteropus (picture source), is an all-green plant that can vary quite a lot in shape depending on which variety you have. Java Ferns have dark brown or dark green roots and have leaves that are medium to deep green with a leathery texture and short stalks.

    In the planted tank, Java Ferns that are grown under strong light often develop more dark green foliage than those in dimly lit aquariums. The leaves of this plant usually have a very upright growth form.

    Leaf shapes vary a lot depending on the variety (more on that later in the article), but in the regular Java Fern, The leaves are long and narrow, ending in a sharp point.

    The leaves have interesting dark veins in a very square, regular pattern. They also have interesting little structures on their undersides. These are called sori and they are perfectly normal and healthy reproductive structures that contain spores.

    Java ferns grow from a rhizome which is a stem-like structure that usually grows horizontally. In the Java Fern, the rhizome is a deep green color.

    Placement And Lighting

    Java Fern is an epiphytic plant, which means that, unlike other plants that root themselves in the soil, this amphibious and aquatic plant grows by attaching itself to other plants or objects.

    This means that it should not be planted in the substrate of the aquarium. Instead, you should grow Java Fern attached to the hardscape. Rocks, driftwood, or even ornaments are the best options.

    Java Fern is a fairly large aquarium plant that is best placed in the midground or background of the aquascape. It depends on the size of your tank of course, but full-grown Java Ferns can make an interesting background plant in smaller tanks.

    This plant works great for nature-style aquascapes. It is ideal for Southeast Asian biotopes because that is where these interesting plants can be found in the wild.

    Java fern is a plant of shady tropical rain forests, which means it doesn’t really enjoy long periods of bright sunshine. In fact, growing this plant under too much light can cause burning and damage to the leaves.

    Any low to medium strength aquarium light of 6500k or higher will do fine for the Java Fern. LED or fluorescent lights are the best light sources to use.

    What Are Good Tank Mates For This Plant?

    Fortunately for such a ‘leafy’ plant, Java Fern foliage contains some chemicals that taste bad for plant-eating fish. This means they are one of the few safe options for keeping with almost all tropical fish.

    Even the usual suspects like goldfish and cichlids that damage most aquatic plants can be kept with Java Ferns, although keeping aggressive fish with any plant species is risky.

    Good Tank Mates

    You can keep just about any freshwater aquarium fish with Java Ferns. Here’s a short list of some great options:

    Java fern also happens to be one of the fish plants that goldfish will not eat to death.

    Fish Species To Avoid

    Although Java Ferns can be kept with African Cichlids, these plants are not always immune to damage from these aggressive fish. Mature plants are usually just fine but young growth and young plants might still take some damage. Large predator fish and aggressive New World Cichlid Types should also be avoided as their destructive habits can damage and destroy plants.

    Feeding This Fern (Fertilization)

    Java Fern is a slow-growing aquarium plant that is able to thrive in low nutrient conditions. This means that additional feeding is not usually absolutely essential for Java Fern care.

    Of course, all aquatic plants need some nutrients to grow, and this plant is no exception. If you keep fish in your aquarium, the nutrients from fish waste and food will provide most of what the plant needs to grow. If you are using CO2 or dealing with lots of plants, aquarium fertilizing should be considered.

    Feeding can be helpful for increasing the growth rate of the plant, just keep in mind that excess nutrients in the system can quickly turn into an algae problem.

    A quality supplement like Seachem Flourish or APT Complete that has a good variety of micro-nutrients will provide everything that the plant doesn’t get from the fish and fish food. Flourish is good for lightly planted tanks and APT is excellent for an aquascaping like a nature scape using Java Fern.

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    How Much And How Often To Feed

    The precise dosage you need for your aquarium will vary depending on many factors, including:

    • The size of your tank
    • How many plants you have
    • Whether you keep fish
    • Your light intensity
    • Whether you are injecting CO2

    It is best to follow the instructions of the specific product you use. As an example, Seachem Flourish can be dosed at 1 capful per 60 gallons of water, every 5 days or so.

    CO2 Injection 

    CO2 injection isn’t really necessary for healthy Java Fern growth. The plants will appreciate added CO2 though, as will any other plants you keep in your aquarium.

    If you want to run CO2 in your tank, you will need to provide at least moderate lighting for the plants to be able to benefit from it. It is very important to regulate the amount of this gas you add to the system.

    Without going into too much detail, the key to success with carbon dioxide injection is to keep the levels below 30 ppm, because above that your livestock will struggle to get enough oxygen from the water.

    Plants can only use CO2 while your lights are on, so this gas should only be injected during your light period. It takes about 2 hours or so for the CO2 levels to rise in the water though so have your system start up about 2 hours before the lights go on. If you are looking for a CO2 system, CO2Art provides excellent regulators and bundles.

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    Types

    There are many great varieties of Java Fern, each with its own unique look. All of them are easy to care for and have basically the same needs. Let’s take a brief look at some of the most popular types available in the hobby.

    • Windelov Java Fern – This popular variety has a really interesting leaf shape with finely branched leaf tips. On closer inspection, you’ll see that the end of each leaf is split into 3. A group of these planted together creates an interesting a dense effect.
    • Trident Java Fern- The leaves of this variety have a really interesting, narrow, and branching form. This creates a more complex but sparse effect in the aquascape.
    • Narrow-leaf Java Fern- As its name suggests, this form has a narrow leaf shape. Another interesting characteristic of Narrow-leaf Java Fern is the tight, upright branching form these plants tend to take.
    • Needle-leaf Java Fern- This highly sought-after form has even thinner leaves than the Narrow-leaf variety. Needle-leaf Java Ferns look amazing when planted in groups in the mid-ground of the aquascape.

    Care

    Java Ferns are very easy aquarium plants to care for. If you’re new to the planted aquarium hobby, this species is a great place to start! Let’s take a look at some of the most important keys to success when growing Java Fern plants. 

    Planted Tank Parameters

    One of the great things about these aquatic plants is their adaptability to a wide range of different water parameters. They do prefer soft acidic water but will do just fine in slightly alkaline conditions too.

    They can grow in soft to hard water and carbonate hardness between 2 and 15dKH. Water temperatures between about 64 and 82ยฐF are best for this popular aquarium plant. They are well adapted for cold water and heated tropical aquariums.

    Water Quality

    Maintaining good water quality is the number one goal of any aquarist. In a healthy environment, your plants and animals have the best chance to grow and thrive. The best ways to maintain good water quality are:

    • Stocking your aquarium correctly
    • Not over-feeding your fish
    • Not using too much fertilizer
    • Adequate filtration
    • Doing regular partial water changes
    • Adding livestock to a cycled aquarium

    Water changes can make all the difference when it comes to maintaining good water quality. As a general rule, the smaller your aquarium is, the more often you should do water changes.

    The volume of water you change will also vary, and that follows the same general rule. This is especially true for aquariums stocked with a lot of fish and animals.

    Filtration 

    Filtration isn’t only important for keeping your planted tank looking great. It is also really important for keeping the water in your aquarium safe for your plants and animals.

    Aquarium filters remove solid waste particles, chemical impurities, and convert harmful toxins from fish waste into safe compounds. You can use just about any type of filter in your aquarium with Java Ferns. Power filters, sponge filters, canister filters, or even under-gravel filters will work fine.

    If you don’t know which size filter to buy, a good general rule is to choose a model that can process the total volume of water in your tank 4-6 times every hour. For example, if you have a 10-gallon aquarium, a filter with a flow rate of 40-60 gallons per hour would be ideal.

    Flow

    If you look at the natural environments where Java Ferns live, you’ll find that they occur everywhere from dry land, to partially submerged, to the middle of strongly flowing streams in the height of the rainy season.

    This wide range of tolerances means you can grow Java ferns in just about any flow rate. The narrow and needle-leaf varieties can look very interesting with a bit of water movement.

    Trimming

    Java Ferns are slow-growing plants that really do not need to be trimmed very often. If you want to remove some unhealthy leaves or reduce the size of the plant, this can be done quite easily with your aquascaping scissors.

    The important thing to remember is that these plants can’t be trimmed like grass where part of the leaf can be removed. You’ll need to remove the whole leaf by cutting the stalk close to the rhizome.

    Always use a sharp pair of scissors for pruning and trimming your aquarium plants. Blunt scissors tend to tear more than they cut, and this can cause some damage to the plants that might cause melting or disease.

    Aquarium Maintenance

    Aquarium maintenance is very important for keeping a healthy aquarium that looks great. Let’s take a quick look at a few aquarium maintenance tips to keep your tank in great shape.

    The most important ‘chores’ are keeping up with your regular water changes and cleaning the glass and the bottom of your tank. You may as well do all these things on the same day so pick a day each week that works for you and make it part of your regular schedule.

    Use a gravel vacuum to siphon water out of your tank and into a bucket. Suck up water from the bottom of your tank to pick up any solid waste that has settled on the substrate. Clean any algae that have grown on the walls of your tank with an algae scraper.

    Always use a water conditioner when adding fresh water to your aquarium after a water change. This will neutralize some of the harmful chemicals found in tap water and make it safe for your livestock.

    You can use the old water that you have taken out to rinse out your filter media. Never use straight tap water for this because the chemicals can harm the good bacteria that live inside your filter sponges.

    Testing Water Conditions

    The best way to know if your aquarium maintenance schedule is sufficient is to test your water regularly. You can do this with liquid test kits from your local pet store. Simply dip the strip into your aquarium water and compare the color changes with the parameter chart.

    You should test the water you are going to use in your tanks before you add any plants or animals to see what your natural parameters are. After that, test the water before each water change to see if you are doing frequent enough maintenance.  

    How To Set Up Your Aquarium Tank

    Java Fern in Nature Scape

    The great thing about java fern is that it really doesn’t need much to grow well. In fact, you could drop this plant into a bare glass aquarium and it would grow just fine as long as it gets a little light and some nutrients.

    Although they are slow-growing, Java Ferns get pretty big, producing a number of large leaves. For this reason, it’s best to use a tank size of at least 10 gallons.

    Make sure you have some hardscape features that you can attach the plants to because this is the best and most attractive way to grow Java Ferns.

    How To Attach These Plants to Aquarium Decor

    Although you can simply let these plants drift around in the tank, most aquarists grow Java Fern attached to a nice piece of driftwood or rock. You can also get creative and attach these plants an aquarium rock like dragonstone.

    You can attach these plants using quite a few different methods. the best ways are:

    • With Rubber bands
    • With cotton thread (thin black/brown thread works great)
    • With fishing line
    • With Superglue (gel works the best)
    • By wedging the rhizome into a hole or crack 

    Here’s a great video from AquatikGuru that shows how to attach Java Fern using superglue

    In time, the roots will take hold of the object and you can remove the fishing wire, or whatever it is that you have used to anchor the Java Fern. Remember, however, that the smoother the object, the longer it will take for the plant to get a good grip.

    For those of you looking to attach your Java Fern to aquarium driftwood, here is a good video from Fishaholic. Check it out!

    How To Propagate

    Java Fern is one of the easiest and most satisfying aquarium plants to propagate. It is quite an amazing process to watch in the home aquarium!

    Tiny Java Ferns, or adventitious plantlets as they are correctly known, will develop at the ends of mature leaves. These plantlets will develop their own tiny leaves and come complete with a root system as well. In time, they break off to find a new place to settle, but you can also break them off yourself if you’re a little impatient.

    Just be sure to wait until the Java Fern plantlets have a few leaves and roots first before you remove them from the parent plant.

    An easy way to propagate new plants is to divide the rhizome. The rhizome is the thick, stem-like structure that the leaf stalks and roots grow from. For the best results, always cut a section that has some roots, and preferably, some leaves as well.

    Health And Disease

    Java ferns are usually very trouble-free aquarium plants. They can have a few issues though so let’s take a closer look at some of the warning signs to look out for and how to treat some common problems.

    Signs Of Good Health

    Healthy Java Ferns have a strong root system that grows from a well-developed rhizome. They are very firm plants when healthy, with tough leathery leaves and hard roots.

    The edges of the leaves should be complete, without tears or chunks missing and the leaves should be all green, without any yellow, brown, or clear patches.

    Signs Of Poor Health

    Although producing new plantlets at the leaf tips is normal for this plant, it isn’t always a sign of good health. When Java Ferns are under stress, they make new plantlets, in case the parent plant does not survive.

    If you have a Java plant with discolored leaves with loads of plantlets developing, it could be a sign that the plant is in poor health.

    The good news of course is that you’ll be able to start over with the new plantlets, but you’ll want to figure out what’s causing the stress.

    Common Health Issues And Treatment

    One of the most common health issues that we see with Java Ferns is when people mistakenly bury the rhizome in the substrate. This can cause rotting and if this is the case in your tank, go ahead and lift it out of the substrate carefully.

    Remove any dead or dying growth and simply allow the whole plant to drift freely in the tank until you’re ready to attach it to something.

    Melt

    Like other aquatic plants, this species often needs to go through a period of adjustment when first added to your aquarium. The new conditions and water parameters can be quite a shock, so Java Fern melt can be a common issue.

    These are tough and hardy plants though so they will usually pull through just fine. Be sure to remove any dead or dying leaves from your tank before they spoil and affect your water quality.

    Java Ferns that are grown under very bright light can take some damage to the leaves. This often shows up as brown spots or patches.

    Nitrogen Deficiency

    Nitrogen deficiencies in an aquatic plant usually show up as yellowing leaves that start at the tips, spreading towards the base. Affected leaves will also begin to turn translucent in bad cases.

    This isn’t usually a serious problem in Java Ferns but it can happen in tanks that are not properly cycled. A lack of nitrates in the tank can also result in another common problem, blue-green algae growth.

    Algae

    As expected with any slow-growing plant with large leaves, algae can be a bit of an issue, especially if you run your lights for a long time and provide a lot of nutrients. The best fix for any algae problem is always to figure out the cause and try to make some adjustments to the system. Possible solutions include:

    • Decrease your photoperiod (hours of lighting)
    • Decrease your light strength
    • Use less fertilizer
    • Perform more frequent/larger water changes
    • Avoid overfeeding your fish
    • Introduce algae eaters (Otos, Amano shrimps, Nerite snails, etc.)
    • Add a fast-growing new plant (Watersprite, Vallisneria, etc.) to compete with the algae

    Plant Pests

    Often, when you bring a new Java Fern home to plant in your tank, there can be some snail eggs or other pests hiding within the plant that just can’t wait to start their new life in your fish tank. If you wish to prevent that from happening, it’s best to sterilize the plant before you introduce it to your aquarium.

    You can sterilize your Java Fern by dipping it in 20 parts water mixed with one part bleach. Let the plant soak for 2 minutes or less and then rinse it off carefully with dechlorinated water before putting it in your aquarium.

    Sometimes these plants are also available as tissue cultures, which is a really safe bet. These plants are grown in a completely pest-free environment, so you don’t need to bother with chemical or quarantine treatments.

    Where To Buy

    Java Ferns are usually a very easy plant to find because they are easy to propagate and easy to keep. You can usually find Java Fern at most local aquarium stores and online pet stores.

    If you want one of the more interesting varieties or a tissue culture plant, consider purchasing online for a specialty retailer, as many local stores tend to have limited availability.

    FAQS

    Why are my plants dying?

    There are many possible reasons why your Java fern might not be doing as well as it should. The most common reasons are:

    • There is too much, or not enough light
    • The rhizome is planted in the substrate
    • There are not enough nutrients in the water
    • The water temperature is too high

    How much light do they need?

    Java Ferns are great low-light plants, but they can also be grown under moderate light intensities. Aim for about 60-125 PAR of light and provide your plants with a photoperiod of 6-10 hours per day.

    Can they grow out of water?

    Java Ferns can grow very well partially submerged or emersed (out of water). The secret to growing them this way is to keep them in a very high humidity environment.

    In nature, they grow outside of the water in tropical rainforest habitats. This means you’ll want to grow them in something like a paludarium to keep them moist enough outside of the water.

    Do they need fertilizer?

    Java Ferns don’t necessarily need fertilizer if kept in a tank with fish and other livestock. They will, however, grow faster and healthier with access to the nutrients they need in the right concentrations.

    Applying small doses of a balanced liquid fertilizer like Seachem Flourish can help keep your plants healthy and allow them to grow faster if they have good light and added CO2.

    How do you plant them?

    The secret to growing Java Fern plants is to attach them to driftwood or rocks in your aquarium, rather than planting them in the substrate. These plants grow from a rhizome that should never be covered in sand or gravel.

    Use super glue, thread, fishing line, or zip ties to attach the rhizome to your hardscape until it has anchored itself with roots. Once it is secure, you can remove the thread or leave it where it is.

    Closing Thoughts

    The Java Fern, Microsorum pteropus, is one of the best beginner species for the planted aquarium. These plants can be grown in just about any freshwater aquarium and are usually very trouble-free.

    Planting Java fern in your aquarium could be the start of a wonderful new side to your aquarium hobby. So what are you waiting for? order one of these beautiful plants today and get growing!


    ๐ŸŒฟ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Planted Tank & Aquascaping Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for aquarium plants, aquascaping styles, substrates, and more.

  • Bubble Coral Care – A Complete Guide

    Bubble Coral Care – A Complete Guide

    Bubble coral is one of those LPS corals that looks absolutely spectacular when it’s happy and fully inflated, and I’ve kept them in my reef over the years. They do require a bit more attention than beginner corals โ€” placement matters a lot, and their sweeper tentacles extend farther than the bubbles suggest. Get their care right and they’ll be a centerpiece coral that draws attention from anyone who sees your tank.

    Proper Bubble Coral Care can be a little more complicated than other types of corals. They require specific lighting and water parameters to thrive, so it’s important that you take the time to learn what they need before adding them to your tank! This guide will walk you through all the steps for setting up a bubble coral system and caring for these delicate creatures. Let’s get started!

    A Quick Overview On The Bubble Coral

    Scientific NamePlerogyra spp. and Physogyra spp.
    Common NamesBubble coral, grape coral, pearl coral
    FamilyEuphylliidae
    OriginCountry – Widely found throughout the Indo-Pacific and the Pacific Ocean (most colonies are imported from Indonesia)
    Common ColorsGreens, whites, yellows, pinks
    Care LevelEasy
    TemperamentAggressive
    LightingLow-Moderate (50-150 PAR)
    Tank PlacementBottom, Middle, Top
    Flow RateLow – Moderate
    Temperature Range76-82 degrees F
    pH Range8.0 โ€“ 8.4
    Salinity1.025 or 35 PPT
    Alkalinity8 โ€“ 12 dKH
    Calcium Level350 โ€“ 450 PPM
    Magnesium Level1250 โ€“ 1350 PPM
    PropagationCutting/Fragging (Expert Only)

    Origins And Habitat

    Bubble corals come from a wide range of environments. They have been found in dark and turbid waters as well as bright and clear seas.

    Bubbles are largely found throughout the Indo-Pacific and the Pacific Ocean, but most available colonies in the hobby originate from Indonesia specifically; more Australian colonies have entered the trade due to difficult propagation and trading bans on coral.

    Naming

    These corals are commonly known as the bubble coral, grape coral, or pearl coral due to their appearance. Though they have previously been categorized as a member of the Euphylliidae family, their exact taxonomic categorization is largely up for debate and still unknown.

    The common name ‘bubble coral’ is actually used to describe two different genera, Plerogyra and Physogyra. The difference between these two genera is that Plerogyra spp. usually have larger bubbles and a blade-like skeleton while Physogyra spp. have smaller bubbles with a flatter skeleton; Physogyra spp. are often referred to as pearl bubbles1.

    Some of the most common species to come across are Plerogyra sinuosa and Physogyra lichtensteinii. Luckily, the care requirements for these two genera do not differ.

    In the aquarium hobby, these corals may be further named according to their area of collection. For example, you may come across ‘Aussie bubble corals’, ‘Indo bubble corals’, ‘Marshall Island bubble corals’, or wherever else they might have been collected from; these names may even be carried over for those corals that have been aquacultured.

    Some hobbyists find Aussie bubbles to be more sensitive than Indo bubbles, but this is specific to each tank.

    What Do Bubble Corals Look Like?

    What Does A Bubble Coral Look Like

    These corals look exactly how you might imagine them. Bubble corals are large polyp stony corals (LPS) with a calcium carbonate skeleton and round fleshy polyps. They can grow to be several inches across and reach reasonable heights.

    There are two main types of bubble coral variety:

    • Ones with rounded, grape-shaped bubbles; some of these that have smaller bubbles may also be labeled as ‘pearl’ (Physogyra spp.)
    • Ones with irregularly shaped bubbles

    No matter what kind of bubble coral you have, your coral should always be fully extended. The level of polyp expansion can correlate to lighting. Low lighting can cause your coral to inflate more in order to optimize photosynthesis and high lighting can cause more compacted bubbles.

    Bubble corals have very jagged skeletons which can easily puncture their own bubbles. This can make transporting them very difficult, but not impossible. For as fragile as they are, hobbyists have found them to be incredibly resilient and can come back from near death.

    Along with being fully extended, your bubble coral should have bright colors; though they do not come in many different colors, the greens, whites, yellows, and pinks of your coral should be vibrant. Bubble corals have almost transparent flesh, but color should never be entirely absent.

    At night, these corals retract their bubbles. They send out long, clear sweeper tentacles that are used for feeding and attacking any corals that get too close; these tentacles do have nematocytes, or stinging cells, which can cause some irritation or inflammation to human skin and even more damage to nearby corals.

    During this time, the skeleton will be exposed and you will be able to see how jagged it really is. Remember, this skeleton should never be exposed at any other time.

    Placement In The Aquarium

    Bubble Coral Placement

    Bubble corals aren’t the most popular coral in the hobby, but they’re one of the most adaptable.

    These corals can be placed in nearly all locations of the aquarium as long as adequate acclimation is allowed for and care is given when handling; these corals can be more top-heavy than others, so long-term placement needs to be secured with superglue (cyanoacrylate) or epoxy.

    Do They Like High Water Flow?

    No, bubble corals do best with low to moderate water flow. Flow should be just enough to keep the bubbles slightly moving – aim for gentle water movement. Anything more than this could damage the coral.

    Moderate flow is needed for these corals to remove algae and debris as well as to keep them fed. At night, they use their sweeper tentacles to help catch food that needs to be moved past them with a current.

    How Much Light Do They Need?

    Naturally, bubble corals are found in a variety of light intensity conditions. They can withstand lower light (50 PAR) on the substrate or be acclimated to the top (150 PAR) of the reef.

    Because of how large they can get and how delicate they are if they fall, most hobbyists choose to keep them on or near the substrate. If choosing to keep them on the sand, make sure that the water flow is not pushing granules onto the coral. This can cause irritation which can lead to retraction and infection.

    Wherever you choose to place them, they should be secure and away from anything that could rub up against them, like rock, the aquarium glass, or other corals.

    Temperament In The Aquarium

    Though bubble corals might look harmless, they need to be given their space in the aquarium. Their sweeper tentacles are relatively long and very capable of inflicting a sting on nearby corals.

    It can be difficult to judge placement in the aquarium at first as these sweeper tentacles usually only emerge at night. In general, it is best to leave about 5-6 inches of buffer room for your coral to fully expand and extend its tentacles.

    It also isn’t uncommon for your bubble coral to change shapes throughout the day. When the lights come on, your bubble may still have its sweeper tentacles out with a lot of exposed flesh. As the day goes on and the light reaches higher intensities, it may form more compact bubbles.

    Care And Maintenance

    Bubble Coral Maintenance

    Bubble corals aren’t the easiest species of LPS, but they don’t require much special care either. As mentioned before, the biggest concern with these corals is transporting them and acclimating them correctly.

    Otherwise, they need standard reef conditions and can be kept with hang on the back, canister, or sump filtration. If you start to notice algae growing around the skeleton, it should be carefully removed with a turkey baster or by hand to prevent it from smothering the polyps.

    Dosing

    Bubble corals do not need any additional nutrients as long as a quality marine salt mix is being used. The main nutrients these corals need are nitrates, phosphates, calcium, magnesium, and stable alkalinity; contrary to once-popular belief, corals need available nitrates and phosphates for the best health.

    Because bubble corals make their own skeletons, they heavily rely on calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity for steady growth. These parameters are usually maintained through regular water changes, though they might need to be dosed if keeping larger colonies of LPS and/or keeping small polyp stony corals (SPS) as well.

    Simply track how parameters change in the tank between water changes. This will show how nutrients are being used and recycled throughout the system. If levels fall too much, then it might be time to start dosing; make sure to only dose what is needed.

    Feeding

    Unlike other species of LPS, bubble corals appreciate being fed every now and then. They get the majority of their food from the water column, but will usually willingly accept any supplemental feedings.

    In fact, these corals can be fed relatively larger pieces of meaty foods like fish, shrimp, and crab in addition to smaller foods like brine shrimp, mysis shrimp, and coral-specific products. A great coral food to try is reef-roids.

    Simply place the food near the mouth of the coral and wait for it to start moving it in. Do not overfeed as this can create unnecessary waste and start to stress out your coral in the long run.

    Are They Hard To Keep?

    Once settled, bubble corals are easy to care for. They’re not as common to come across as some of the other fleshy LPS species, like Euphyllia, but they can be just as eye-catching in a reef tank setup.

    In general, these corals can be kept by hobbyists at the beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels. Handle these corals with care and keep the skeleton clean of algae.

    What Are Good Tankmates?

    Bubble corals are one of the most tankmate-friendly coral options available. As long as it’s reef-safe, there’s a good chance it will get along with your bubble.

    Again, the main concern you should have is keeping your bubble coral undamaged. Anything with pincers or sharp teeth, like crabs or triggerfish, could easily damage your coral. Otherwise, tangs, gobies, damsels, and wrasses are all possible options.

    Unlike other LPS with longer tentacles, clownfish do not host bubble corals nearly as much. Though bubbles don’t bring as much movement to the aquarium as other similar corals, you don’t have to worry about losing your colony to an overly aggressive clownfish.

    Fragging

    Fragging bubble corals is usually not recommended for any hobbyist. But if you’re dealing with an overgrown coral, fragging is your only option.

    This process can be most likened to fragging a wall hammer coral in terms of difficulty. It is recommended to attempt fragging a bubble coral only if an electric saw is available. Here is a great video by MileHighReefers that shows the fragging process. I’ll provide a summary below.

    There are two main ways to frag your bubble coral:

    1. Just go for it. If choosing this method, first make sure all polyps are closed as much as they can be. Do this by lightly touching the coral, making sure not to cause injury. Next, look for already-defined lines of division; if your bubble coral is branched, divide the branches. It is not recommended to cut through the mouth or the flesh unless highly experienced.
    2. Have some patience. This method takes a little more time but tends to have higher success rates, especially if needing to split a large polyp. First, use a rubber band to divide the polyp; you want to force the coral to separate into two. From here, you will have a defined line that can be cut with a saw or, if done carefully, a Dremel tool.

    Both of these methods carry high failure rates, though bubble corals are known for bouncing back pretty quickly if something goes wrong.

    Why Is Your Coral Dying?

    There are three main reasons your bubble coral might be dying: water flow, injury, or water parameters.

    Bubble corals need some flow to deliver food and to keep them clean, but anything more than enough will damage their delicate flesh. If you notice your coral start to close up or recede from the base, check how much direct flow it is receiving and move accordingly.

    Injury and infection are the biggest killers for bubble corals and often happens during transportation. When purchasing a coral, but sure that it is fully extended and shows good coloration. Make sure to handle the coral from the base to prevent any further stress or injury; use a coral dip or iodine to facilitate healing. Brown jelly infections are also another common issue with bubble corals.

    Unfavorable aquarium water parameters, including lighting conditions, can also cause your coral to die back. Usually, other corals in the tank will also show signs of poor water quality, but LPS can recede very quickly once started. If you recently moved your coral to a higher spot in the tank and it is failing to extend, then you might not have allowed enough time for acclimation.

    Closing Thoughts

    Bubble corals are relatively easy to care for, but fragging and any excessive handling can cause problems. They don’t come in many colors, but their inflated appearance and full expansion bring life to the middle and lower regions of the tank. With some acclimation, they can even be moved to the top of the reef!


    ๐Ÿ“˜ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Saltwater Fish & Reef Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for marine fish, coral care, reef setup, and more.

  • Dwarf Sagittaria Care – A Complete Guide

    Dwarf Sagittaria Care – A Complete Guide

    Dwarf sagittaria is one of my go-to foreground plants for tanks where I want a grass-like look without the demanding requirements of dwarf hairgrass. I’ve used it in both low-tech and high-tech setups, and it performs well in either โ€” it just grows faster with CO2 and good light. The runners it sends out fill in the foreground surprisingly quickly once it gets established.

    Dwarf Sagittaria, Sagittaria subulata, is one of those great aquarium plants that have a place in just about any aquarium. Today’s post is all about Dwarf Sagittaria care and how to make it thrive in your aquarium. This hardy plant is easy to care for and great for beginners looking to green up their tanks without spending too much on equipment and fertilizers.

    At the same time, more experienced aquarists appreciate the versatility of this plant and the beautiful carpet effect that can be created in the aquascape. Read on to learn how to grow and care for this popular plant!

    A Brief Overview Of Dwarf Sagittaria

    Scientific NameSagittaria subulata, Sagittaria pusilla
    Common NamesDwarf Sagittaria, Dwarf Sag, Hudson Sagittaria, Awl-leaf, Awl-leaf Arrowhead
    FamilyAlismataceae
    OriginSouth America and the eastern United States, has become invasive in Great Britain
    Skill LevelEasy
    LightingModerate-high, 60-150+ PAR (Umols)
    Tank PlacementForeground, Mid ground, Background
    Flow RateLow, Moderate, high
    Temperature Range70 โ€“ 82ยฐF
    Height4 – 12 inches
    pH Range6.0 โ€“ 8.0
    ProprogationRunners
    Growth RateModerate/ Fast
    Feed TypeRoot Feeder
    Co2 RequirementNo, but recommended

    Origins And Habitat

    Dwarf Sagittaria is native to the eastern United States of America and parts of South America like Colombia. In nature, it is essentially a marsh plant of coastal areas where it grows both emersed and fully submerged in brackish and freshwater environments.

    Unfortunately, Sagittaria subulata has become an invasive species in some parts of the world, including Great Britain1. Remember to be very careful about disposing of any aquatic plant. Even trimmings can take root if they get into your local waterways.

    What Does Dwarf Sagittaria Look Like?

    What Does Dwarf Sagittaria Look Like

    Dwarf Sagittaria is a green rosette plant that looks a lot like a wide-bladed grass. It gets this grass-like look from its long and flattened leaves that measure just 0.2 inches or so across.

    Sagittaria subulata is a flowering plant, and emersed specimens will grow small white flowers if they are grown in ideal conditions. Some aquarists have even managed to get this plant to flower in their home aquariums.

    Dwarf Sagittaria is pretty variable in size, depending on factors like nutrient and light availability. The leaves can grow up to a foot tall, but mostly this is a small plant that stays below about 6 inches. They develop a pretty extensive white root system in the substrate, that can often be seen up against the glass in your tank.

    Placement And Lighting

    Dwarf Sagittaria is a pretty versatile plant that works well in many different aquascape styles. As a carpeting plant, it is an ideal species for beautiful Iwagumi aquascapes.

    Depending on the conditions in your tank, Sagittaria subulata can be small enough to grow as a foreground plant, but it is usually better in the mid-ground. It looks great when planted in groups.

    Dwarf Sagittarias spaced close together will crowd each other for a dense and interesting effect. In nano tanks, taller specimens can even be used as a background plant. In time, and under decent light, this plant will spread by runners to create a great carpet effect in the aquascape.

    Dwarf Sagittaria doesn’t need high lighting, and decent LED lights are perfectly fine. They will do better under good fluorescent lights though and develop better color in a brighter tank, often developing hints of red on the leaves. If you are planning to use them in an Iwagumi, you should plan on at least moderate lighting with CO2 to keep algae at bay.

    They also tend to grow more low and compact under higher light, not needing to ‘reach up’ to photosynthesize.

    What Are Good Tank Mates?

    Dwarf Sagittaria is an excellent tank mate for most species of tropical freshwater fish. Sagittaria subulata is very useful in that it provides a perfect habitat for bottom feeders to forage in, while also creating a great place for spawning fish to deposit their eggs. It also makes a good place for small fry and shrimps to escape potential predators.

    This fast-growing plant is also very helpful for soaking up excess nutrients from fish waste and food that can become toxic for your fish and inverts.

    Good Tank Mates

    The list of good tank mates for Dwarf Sagittaria would be a pretty long one, but the following are a couple of great choices:

    Fish Species To Avoid

    Unfortunately, some types of fish just don’t get along with Dwarf sags, or other aquatic plants in general. Avoid keeping large cichlid species like oscars with this plant because their love for digging and this plant’s need to stay rooted don’t make a good combination.

    Plant-eating fish like goldfish should also be avoided because they will feed on the leaves of this species.

    Feeding (Fertilization)

    Dwarf Sagittaria does not need fertilizer if grown under low-tech conditions. If, however, you plan on growing this plant to its best potential under good lighting, and with CO2, a nutrient-rich substrate will be necessary. That is because dwarf sags are a root-feeding plant species that gather their nutrients from the substrate.

    The best way to provide nutrients to Sagittaria subulata is to grow them in good quality, enriched aquarium soil like Eco-complete or ADA Soils. Another great option is to provide your sagittarias with root tabs. Root tabs are capsules of a fertilizer that dissolves in the substrate, providing a slow release of nutrients to the plant’s roots, right where they are needed.

    Root tabs are usually only necessary for inert (without nutrients) substrates like gravel, but they can also be great for topping up old, leached-out aquarium soil. Liquid fertilizers also work well when used with active soils like ADA. For a liquid Fertilizer, check out APT complete.

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    If you plan on growing a Dwarf Sagittaria carpet, it is much more practical to start out with an enriched aquarium soil, that way you know that there are plenty of nutrients available for the plant to spread across the bottom of your tank.

    Dosing a liquid iron supplement like Seachem Flourish Iron in the water column can be very useful since the Dwarf Sagittaria is known to suffer from an iron deficiency in many home aquariums.

    How Much And How Often To Feed

    Root tabs usually last for a few months before they need to be replaced, but that will depend on how fast the plant is growing, and the specs of the root tab you use. Root tabs only need to be placed around the root zone.

    CO2 Injection

    While Dwarf Sagittaria can definitely be grown successfully without CO2 injection, this plant will thrive under improved conditions with good lighting and increased carbon dioxide. If you don’t already have a CO2 system, you don’t need to rush out and put one together to keep this plant happy though.

    If you are running carbon dioxide, be sure to keep your levels to a maximum of 30ppm and set your system to run from about 2 hours before your lights go on, and then switch off at the same time as the lights. If you are looking for a high quality CO2 system, check out brands like CO2 art. You can develop a dense carpet with CO2 injection.

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    Types

    • Tall Narrowleaf Sagittaria – This form of Dwarf Sagittaria grows taller than the regular variety of Sagittaria subulata, reaching a height of about 20 inches.
    • Broad-leaf Sagittaria – This Sagittaria is actually a different species to the Dwarf Sagittaria. It is correctly known as Sagittaria platyphylla. This species grows to a larger size but has much the same care needs as regular Dwarf Sagittaria.

    Care

    Dwarf Sagittaria is easy to care for and will grow well without much effort from the aquarist. Some trimming and pruning will encourage lateral growth and runners, which is ideal if you’re trying to achieve a Dwarf Sagittaria carpet.

    Unfortunately, trimmed Dwarf Sagittaria leaves will often melt back and die, so it often works out better to trim off the longer leaves completely from their base. You may also want to remove runners as they appear to keep this plant contained where you want it.

    Planted Tank Parameters

    Dwarf Sag Plant

    Dwarf Sagittaria (picture source) does well in a wide range of parameters from soft to hard water (2-15GH). It is a hardy plant that grows well under a variety of conditions and pHs but will do best in fairly neutral conditions from about 6-8. The preferred water temperature range is between 70 and 82ยฐF. If you are planning to keep fish that require a higher temperature like Betta or Discus fish, consider getting an aquarium heater.

    Water Quality

    Maintaining good water quality will benefit all the plant and animal species in your aquarium. One downside to growing a spreading carpeting plant like Dwarf Sagittaria is the potential for fish waste and uneaten food to settle between the leaves of the plant.

    This waste can then decompose, causing nasty spikes in ammonia and nitrites. The best way to avoid this pitfall is to perform regular partial water changes and keep a lightly stocked aquarium, making sure not to overfeed your fish.

    Filtration

    Good filtration is one of the cornerstones of any healthy planted tank. Apart from filtering the system of physical waste particles and impurities, filters also clean the system of biological toxins that can be harmful to your aquatic plants and livestock.

    In reality, it is the beneficial bacteria that form colonies inside your filter media that perform this function. These bacteria convert harmful chemicals into harmless compounds through a process known as biological filtration.

    Dwarf Sagittaria has no special filtration needs, per se, but as a general rule, the aquarist should select a filter that will process the volume of their tanks 4-6 times every hour. In a planted aquarium, plants will generate more ammonia than your fish, due to this it is best to step up your filtration.

    Planted aquariums with aquascapes and aquascaping styles should consider a high quality filtration unit like a canister filter. The addition bio-capacity will keep ammonia in check and the added flow rate will help with flow. The OASE brand has my highest recommendation.

    Flow

    Dwarf Sagittaria is a hardy plant that grows from a strong set of roots. This makes this species quite comfortable in a range of different current strengths once established in the substrate.

    If you are concerned about the flow in your aquarium being too strong, you can slow the flow by directing the filter’s outlet towards the surface of the tank or against a hardscape feature in the tank to break up the current.

    Aquarium Maintenance

    As mentioned, carpeting species like Dwarf Sagittaria can act as a trap for waste at the bottom of your tank. One important part of maintenance is to vacuum over the plant with your gravel vacuum to remove as much waste as possible from between the leaves. It is best to do this during your weekly water change when you need to remove water from the aquarium anyway.

    Testing Water Conditions

    The best way to monitor the health of the system in your aquarium is through regular testing. This gives you the chance to pick up any potential water quality issues before they can affect your plants and animals.

    The aquarist should test the water they are going to be using in the aquarium before stocking with any plant or fish species. This will give you an idea of the parameters of your local water and help you decide which species are likely to thrive in your tank.

    Water conditions also naturally deteriorate in the home aquarium as waste builds up and that’s why it’s so important to perform regular partial water changes. Go ahead and test your parameters with a liquid test kit just before performing a water change to figure out if you’re doing frequent enough, and big enough changes.

    How To Set Up Your Aquarium Tank

    Dwarf Sagittaria is a plant without any special tank requirements. The most important factor for success if you want to grow Dwarf Sagittaria is to provide it with a layer of substrate to root in. Add 2-3 inches of good quality aquarium soil, coarse sand, or fine gravel.

    The size of your tank isn’t too important because Sagittaria subulata can be grown in just about any tank size, from just a few gallons and up. Of course, if the depth of your aquarium is lower than the maximum size of the plant, it may need to be trimmed or it will grow up above the water’s surface.

    How To Propagate

    Dwarf Sagittaria propagates very easily. A healthy plant will send out runners that spread themselves around the tank.

    These plantlets can be removed and replanted within the tank or in another aquarium.  If you do plan on pinching off young plantlets to replant, wait until they have developed some healthy roots of their own. Here is a good video by Pat’s Fish Tanks that shows how to propagate this plant. Check it out below.

    Health And Disease

    Dwarf Sagittaria is a plant that usually grows really well, without any major health or disease problems. This hardy species can be prone to a few minor issues, however. Let’s take a brief look at what to look out for and how to manage these issues.

    Signs Of Good Health

    A healthy Sagittaria subulata specimen will have bright green leaves and a well-developed system of white roots.

    Signs Of Poor Health

    Plants with yellow, brown, or otherwise discolored leaves are in poor health. Avoid plants that are obviously infested with pests and plants that do not have a healthy root system. Melting, transparent leaves are also a sign of a plant that is not in good health.

    Common Health Issues And Treatment

    One of the most commonly reported problems in Sagittaria subulata is an iron deficiency. The most obvious symptom of iron deficiencies is chlorosis (yellowing leaves). If you notice this happening, use an iron supplement like Seachem Flourish Iron to meet the plant’s needs.

    Another potential problem with Dwarf Sagittaria is leaf melt. Melt is a common condition that affects all sorts of different aquarium species. This typically happens when plants go into shock after being planted in a tank with very different environmental parameters to what they are used to.

    It can be pretty alarming to see the leaves die off and decay, but plants usually recover well and sprout new leaves. Don’t panic if this happens to your Dwarf Sagittaria, just be sure to remove any dying leaves before they can spoil and decay in your aquarium.

    Melt can also happen if your plants are set too deep in the substrate, so be sure to keep the crown of your Dwarf Sagittaria above the surface of the substrate when first planting.

    Plant Pests

    Plant pests and unwanted inverts often find their way into home aquariums on new plants. Before planting a new species in your tank, take the time to carefully inspect your plants and remove any pests you can find.

    Sagittaria subulata can be bleach dipped to kill off any unwanted pests. Prepare a solution of 20 parts water to 1 part bleach and dip your Dwarf Sagittaria in the mixture for about 90 seconds. After dipping, rinse your plant carefully in conditioned water before adding it to your aquarium.

    Alternatively, this species can be purchased as a tissue culture specimen that has been raised in a pest-free environment. These specimens come at a slightly higher price, but it’s a fair compromise for healthy, pest-free leaves.

    Where To Buy

    Dwarf Sagittaria is one of the more popular species in the aquarium hobby and it is usually quite easy to find at your local aquarium and pet stores. A more convenient way to get new plants is to order them online from well-trusted retailers. Online retailers will often have tissue culture varieties available, which will guarantee you a pest free specimen.

    Dwarf Sagittaria

    A great first time beginner plant. Hardy and thrives in low light. Provides a natural looking ground cover

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    FAQS

    Do they need CO2?

    Dwarf Sagittaria doesn’t need added carbon dioxide and is easy to grow in low-tech planted tanks. It responds well to carbon dioxide injection though, and this is definitely recommended for plants that are planted in a nutrient-rich substrate and grown under high light.

    Are they easy to grow?

    Dwarf Sagittaria is a plant that is very easy to grow and care for, which makes it ideal for beginner aquarists. As long as you provide this plant with the substrate that it needs, and the right parameters, you should have no problem growing this species.

    How tall do they get?

    Dwarf Sagittaria can be pretty variable in size. This plant can grow to about 12 inches tall, although many specimens stay shorter than that.

    Do they need root tabs?

    Dwarf Sagittaria doesn’t need root tabs but it will need the extra nutrients if it is grown under stronger light and with added carbon dioxide.

    Do they need substrate?

    Dwarf Sagittaria needs a good layer of substrate because it is a root-feeding plant that sends roots down into the soil and spreads by runners.

    Closing Thoughts

    It is easy to see why the Dwarf Sagittaria, Sagittaria subulata, is such a popular plant in the planted aquarium hobby. This easy, low-maintenance plant grows well in almost any tank size, and a variety of parameters, while providing many benefits for its tankmates.

    For beginners or anyone looking for a new carpet plant or something interesting for the midground of your aquarium, look no further, Dwarf Sagittarius is probably the ideal choice.


    ๐ŸŒฟ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Planted Tank & Aquascaping Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for aquarium plants, aquascaping styles, substrates, and more.

  • Black Skirt Tetra Care Guide: The Hardy Classic With One Important Warning

    Black Skirt Tetra Care Guide: The Hardy Classic With One Important Warning

    Black skirt tetras are one of those staple community fish that have earned their place in the hobby for good reason โ€” they’re tough, adaptable, and look great in a group. I’ve kept them in peaceful community setups and they do well, but I always flag the important warning with this species: they are notorious fin nippers, especially with long-finned fish like bettas or angelfish. Know that going in and you’ll avoid frustration.

    Black skirt tetras are one of those fish that have been in the hobby so long they’ve become a staple โ€” and for good reason. They’re genuinely hardy, adaptable, and widely available, making them one of the most beginner-friendly tetras around. After 25 years in this hobby, though, I always flag two things before anyone buys them: first, black skirts can be persistent fin nippers, which makes them a poor choice for tanks with long-finned bettas or slow-moving angelfish. Second, if you see brightly colored “dyed” versions in the store โ€” those fish have been through a stressful injection process and typically have shortened lifespans. Stick with the natural black skirt and you’re getting one of the best value-for-money community fish in the hobby.

    A Brief Overview of Black Skirt Tetra

    Scientific NameGymnocorymbus ternetzi
    Common NamesBlack Tetra, Petticoat Tetra, Black Widow Tetra
    FamilyCharacidae
    OriginSouth America
    DietOmnivore
    Care LevelEasy
    ActivityActive
    Lifespan3 to 5 Years
    TemperamentPeaceful
    Tank LevelMidwater
    Minimum Tank Size15 Gallons
    Temperature Range70 โ€“ 82ยฐ F
    GH5-20 dGH
    pH Range6.0 to 7.5
    Filtration/Water FlowModerate
    Water TypeFreshwater
    BreedingEgg-layer
    Difficulty to BreedModerate
    CompatibilityCompatible with Non-Aggressive Aquarium Fish
    OK, for Planted Tanks?With Caution

    Origins and Habitat

    Black skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) is a prominent member of the Characidae family. We will have to travel deep into the South American basins and rivers to find out their origin history.

    Thatโ€™s because these fish originate from the beautiful freshwater rivers of Paraguay, Brazil, and Northeast Argentina, especially the Paraguay and Guapore River basins.

    The water in these regions tends to be cool, comfortable, and shaded. Thatโ€™s how black skirt tetras like their water.

    They move in schools and prefer swimming near the surface, feeding on small insects, worms, and crustaceans. Nature seems to have an endless supply of food for them.

    However, the black skirt tetra fish you see on the market today do not come from these wild regions, although thatโ€™s what happened initially.

    Instead, they are bred in captivity for selling by skilled aquarists and aquaculture farms. Some of the variations of this schooling species are genetically modified.

    What Does a Black Skirt Tetra Look Like?

    What Does Black Shirt Tetra Look Like

    Every black skirt tetra comes with that stunning tetragonal shape of the Characidae family that people love so much.

    This unique body shape makes black skirt tetras special to many aquarium enthusiasts. Unlike other tetra fish in the Characidae family, they donโ€™t have bright colors.

    Instead, they boast a unique gradient color comprised of black, gray, and silver. There is an appealing translucent hue to make them stand out.

    A brighter and reflective grayish silver color dominates the front part of the body, especially the head. However, the color gradually fades to a darker shade as it moves to the tail, giving the fish a gradient effect.

    The front part of the black skirt tetras tends to be taller than the back. Their tailfin has a forked shape, and itโ€™s pretty thin. The dorsal fin is relatively small too.

    Right on the bottom of the fish, you will notice an oversized anal fin. These fins add to the overall beauty of this amazing fish.

    Black skirt tetras are known for their small size. In general, they grow up to be 1 to 2.5 inches in captivity. Some may reach 3 inches, but that doesnโ€™t happen as often.  

    How Long Do They Live?

    Black skirt tetras have a relatively shorter lifespan. On average, a black skirt tetra will live for up to 3 to 5 years in a well-maintained tank. They have a slightly longer lifespan in their natural habitat, which is about 6 to 7 years at most.

    These fish are affected by the water quality and the overall tank condition. So, their lifespan depends a lot on how well maintained the tetra tank is. You wonโ€™t see them hitting that 5-year mark if you donโ€™t care for them properly and allow them to stay in poor water conditions for too long.

    To ensure they live long enough, monitor the water conditions, change it whenever it gets too polluted, and ensure optimum feeding. In general, Black Skirt Tetras will live the longest in well maintained planted tanks, where shelter is plenty and stress is low.

    Are They Hardy?

    Black Skirt Tetras are exceptionally hardy! They are tough fish prepared to fend off more stresses in aquarium life, which is good news for beginners.

    Even if you make mistakes while learning the ropes of fish keeping, this fish species wonโ€™t give up on you and die like other overly sensitive fish. They can easily adapt to different water parameters. You wonโ€™t have to rely on special caring techniques to make sure they survive.

    They are very friendly and get along with other fish species with ease. You wonโ€™t see them having any trouble competing for food as they are fast swimmers.

    Furthermore, they arenโ€™t all that vulnerable to many freshwater fish diseases as they have strong resistance. They rarely get infected. So, you have less to worry about their health. Black skirt tetras have a pretty low mortality rate too.

    Just because they are hardy fish doesn’t mean you should give them sub-optimum living conditions, they will stress in poor water conditions and need need optimum water temperature for surviving.

    These fish canโ€™t tolerate water thatโ€™s too cold or too hot. So, make sure to change the water regularly, use a good filtration system, and keep the temperature above 70ยฐF and below 85ยฐF. 

    How Do You Tell Male or Female?

    Itโ€™s easy to tell between a male tetra and a female tetra. Of course, you wouldnโ€™t get it the first time, but it wonโ€™t take long to differentiate between the two. The most obvious difference is that a female black skirt tetra is noticeably larger than a male black skirt tetra.

    Female black skirt tetras also have a body thatโ€™s a bit more rounded than their male counterparts.

    You can also tell if the tetra is a male or female by checking the anal fin, although it may be more difficult. Females come with anal fins that run parallel alongside the black stripes on their abdomen.

    Besides having a smaller body, male black skirt tetras often feature white spots on their caudal fin. Their anal fins are smaller but broader than females.

    As for the dorsal fins, they appear more pointed and a bit narrower.

    Can They Live Alone?

    Black widow tetra should never be allowed to live alone. Life in solitude for black skirt tetras is nothing short of a nightmare.

    This is a schooling fish species and prefers staying in groups. In their natural habitat, these fish school in huge numbers, ranging from hundreds to even thousands! If you want to see the potential of a black skirt tetra school in a large aquarium, check out this cinnmatic from Green Aqua. Green Aqua is one of the best channels for professional aquascaping. I highly recommend subscribing to them!

    You canโ€™t expect such a social species to be happy alone, can you? Black Skirt Tetras will become depressed and visibly inactive if you donโ€™t allow them to stay with their friends. Needless to say, they wonโ€™t live long.

    So, please donโ€™t keep them alone. Add more black skirts to the aquarium. They get along easily with other friendly fish species as they are a pretty and active community fish. Make sure the other fish you add are compatible with each otherโ€”more on that in the next section.

    What Fish Are Good Tank Mates?

    Being shoaling fish, you should at least keep 5 black skirts together in a single tetra tank. The more, the merrier but donโ€™t stuff them in a small space, though. They will be happier, more comfortable, and live longer when kept in a group.

    Thanks to their friendly nature, you can freely keep them in a community tank. But be careful when choosing tank mates. Itโ€™s easy to pick the right companion, though. Just make sure not to pick aggressive fish because they will bully your precious black skirt tetra.

    Also, you donโ€™t want any fin nippers in a black skirt tetras community tank. Tiger barbs and other fin nippers will target their fins and damage them.

    Ironically, this species of fish also loves fin nipping so, you should avoid other fish with long fins.

    You can keep any peaceful, non-aggressive fish species with black skirts. Itโ€™s even better if they are less active than these fishes. Mid and bottom dwellers are also good options.

    Here are our recommended tank mates for black skirt tetras.

    Avoid fish that are slow with large fins like Betta Fish, they are known for nipping their fins.

    How Many Should Be Kept Together?

    As weโ€™ve mentioned before, black skirt tetras school in huge numbers in the wild. They are incredibly social and thrive the best in groups.

    They hate living alone. Ideally, you should keep at least 5 black tetras together. This will allow them to form a community and feel more confident. When it comes to schooling odd numbers tend to do better in aquariums.

    If you can add more, thatโ€™s even better. Besides, it will be really fun to watch them swim together, play around, and keep the inside of your tank lively and active.

    What Do They Eat?

    Black skirt tetras in the wild eat whatever they find. From small insects to plants, they will eat all kinds of foods! Similarly, a captive black skirt tetra doesnโ€™t have any special preference. So, you have to decide what you want to feed them. A great staple food to feed them would be Northfin Community Formula.

    Feel free to feed them commercially available dry and frozen foods. However, make sure the fish food is rich in nutrients.

    Some people like to include live foods in their pet fish diet. These schooling fish seem to be fond of bloodworms, brine shrimp, daphnia, mosquito larvae, etc. The live foods should be fresh and free of harmful bacteria and pathogens. The best way to ensure they are free from harmful pathogens is to culture your own, though that is not for everyone. The frozen food variety is a great choice if you do not want to culture your own live food.

    If you are looking for a good ready to feed staple food, I would recommend a pellet food like Northfin community formula. These are pellets that are small enough for nano fish like these tetras while also being free of fillers and high in nutrition. As a rule of thumb, never stick to just one food for your fish. Try to mix it up so they have a well balanced diet.

    Great For Nano Fish
    Northfin Community Formula

    A well balanced pellet fish that is best for community fish. Small enough for nano fish to eat with high quality ingredients

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    Tank Requirements and Care

    You will appreciate how low-maintenance black skirt tetra is. There are aren’t any complicated requirements that you have to follow.

    An entire school of these freshwater fish will easily survive as long as you keep them in the right tank and maintain suitable water parameters. Let’s talk specifics.

    Tank Size

    Although small in size, they need companions to stay happy. The aquarium size for black skirts should be at least 15-gallons.

    But we recommend choosing a 20-gallon fish tank for keeping a small group because these fish are active swimmers and better in a spacious space. Make sure not to overcrowd.

    Water Parameters

    It would be best if you replicated the natural habitat of wild black skirt tetras inside your aquarium. So, the ideal water temperature is anything between 70ยฐF to 82ยฐF. The best temperature would be the middle of this range.

    The water should be slightly acidic, like the water bodies in South America. Maintain a pH level of 6.0 and 7.5, and your fish will be just fine. Also, the water hardness should be 5 to 15 dGH. A great way to keep pH and the water on the softer side is to invest in aquarium driftwood.

    It goes without said that the water should be clean and pollution-free. So, you should invest in a reliable water filtration system and aquarium test kit to monitor levels.

    Plants and Decoration

    Your black skirt tetra will feel more at home if the aquarium looks and feels like their natural habitat.

    The best way to do that is by adding suitable plants and vegetation. Try adding tall and floating plants because they will provide them with natural shelter, allow them to hide when they get spooked, and darken the environment.

    Black skirt tetras mostly keep to the middle and top layer of the aquarium and seldom swim to the bottom. Some great plants to consider investing in that are easy to care for would be:

    So, decorating the bottom of the tank isnโ€™t all that important. However, adding a light sandy substrate constant their colors in an aquascape.  

    Since these pet fish prefer a darker environment, they will be more comfortable using subdued lights.

    How to Set Up Your Fish Tank

    Setting up your aquarium for black skirt tetras is surprisingly easy. Choose the fish tank size according to the number of fish youโ€™re keeping. If youโ€™re starting small, you work with at minimum a 20-gallon fish tank.

    Before adding the water, decorate the aquarium to make it more suitable for black skirt tetra. The goal is to make the inside feel like the water bodies of South America, full of vegetation and life.

    Donโ€™t forget to install a quality filtration system. This will keep the water clean longer and allow your fish to stay comfortable and disease-free.

    After adding the water, test it to see if the temperature and other water parameters are correct. Move onto the water cycling process if everything is perfect for adding the beneficial bacteria.

    Thatโ€™s about it. The tank should now be ready to be the perfect home for your black skirt tetra!

    How to Breed

    Breeding black skirt tetra is a bit difficult as it requires a lot of work. They arenโ€™t known for their parental traits, and they donโ€™t have the slightest care for their eggs and fry. In fact, they may even eat their own eggs if given a chance.

    Thatโ€™s why itโ€™s necessary to breed them in a separate breeding tank. The breeding tank should have the same water quality and similar decoration as the main tank.

    Additionally, you will have to add java moss, spawning mop, net, or artificial grass. These will keep the eggs out of the reach of the adult fish so that they canโ€™t feast on them. It usually takes 2 years for a black tetra to reach adulthood and be sexually mature.

    After setting up the breeding tank, identify the bonded pair and move them into a separate tank.  When breeding, feed the pair lots of protein-rich food.

    Soon enough, the belly of the female will swell up with eggs. A female black skirt tetra can lay up to 1,000 eggs a day!

    The eggs will be scattered all over the place. These eggs are adhesive in nature and stick to the surface. They will sink to the bottom slowly and stick to the java moss, spawning mop, or the net that youโ€™ve laid out before.

    When the breeding process is complete, quickly remove the adult fish from the breeding tank before they start eating the eggs.

    It usually takes 24 to 36 hours for the eggs to hatch. After hatching from the eggs, the fry will feed on the egg sac.

    Wait out a couple of days, and they will be ready to eat fry foods. After the next few weeks, they will grow up to be able to eat baby brine shrimp. Donโ€™t move them into the main tetra tank until they are big enough.

    If you want a new video explanation and video, here is a great video by Mark’s Aquatics explain his process.

    Final Words

    Black skirt tetras are highly recommended for beginners, but seasoned aquarists can get them too. These fish are pretty fascinating in appearance and fun to have in your community aquarium.

    Leave us a comment below if this information was helpful or leave it at that, we don’t mind either way. Who knows, maybe one day soon we’ll be helping get your future tanks set up too!


    ๐Ÿ“˜ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Freshwater Fish Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for freshwater species, care tips, tank setup, and more.


    ๐ŸŸ This article is part of our Tetras: Complete A-Z Species Directory โ€” your guide to every tetra species in the hobby.

  • Bristle Worm in Reef Tank โ€“ Friend or Foe? (Complete Guide)

    Bristle Worm in Reef Tank โ€“ Friend or Foe? (Complete Guide)

    Bristle worms are one of those reef tank discoveries that tends to freak people out the first time they see one โ€” I remember the first time I spotted one in my 125-gallon reef and wasn’t sure what I was looking at. After years of reef keeping, my view is clear: most bristle worms are your friends, not your enemies. They’re detritivores doing cleanup work you’d otherwise have to do yourself, and removing them all is usually a mistake.

    Bristle worms are one of those reef tank surprises that almost every reefer encounters sooner or later โ€” I certainly did when I set up my 125-gallon reef. The first time I spotted one under the rocks at night, I wasn’t sure whether to panic or leave it alone. After 25 years in the hobby, I’ve come to appreciate that these guys are often more beneficial than harmful, but there are exceptions. This guide covers everything you need to know about identifying bristle worms in your tank and deciding whether to remove them.

    What Are Bristle Worms?

    Bristle worms are one of the most common ‘pests’ to come across in reef aquariums though many hobbyists see them as essential cleanup crew members (featured image source).

    Scientifically, bristle worms are members of the Polychaeta class. With over 10,000 species under this taxonomic categorization, most members have segmented bodies with parapodia that grow chaetae made from chitin. In simple terms, these worms grow bristles on the sides of their body (earning them their name), though some species lack them.

    Polychaetes have perfectly adapted to a variety of aquatic environments with some being found in the coldest regions of the ocean and some in the hottest, like the Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana) that can be found at extreme pressures and temperatures around hydrothermal vents. These worms use these bristles as protection from being eaten by predators and to sometimes help circulate water in and out of tubes; these bristles may be venomous for further protection.

    In the wild, these worms greatly help with the decomposition of organic matter. However, they can also take part in commensalism relationships where the worm benefits but does not harm the other organism as well as parasitism where the worm benefits and harms the other organism.

    Almost unbelievably, bobbit worms (Eunice aphroditois) can grow to be almost 10 feet long with other species of Polychaete growing to all sizes under that. Luckily, bristle worm species in the aquarium hobby usually stay under 4 inches and are much tamer than their wild counterparts.

    Bristle Worms in the Aquarium

    When you first see a bristle worm in your fish tank, you may feel the sudden urge to tear down your tank and heavily sanitize–yes, these creatures can be scary to see at first especially if you’re not familiar with their existence.

    For the most part, bristle worms are not visible in the aquarium and will stay hidden. There are a few times you might see your bristle worms emerge though:

    1. During feedings. Bristle worms are scavengers and are quickly alerted to any food that becomes available in the water column. If you ever want to check the health of your bristle worm population, simply add some fish food to the tank and watch as they slither out of their cracks and crevices.
    2. During saltwater tank maintenance. If using a filter sock or other sponge media, you are bound to catch some bristle worms. For the most part, you can leave them alone. However, you will want to be careful during maintenance periods when handling that media as you can hit them with your hand; aquarium gloves would prevent most bristle worm encounters from happening.
    3. During decomposition. As mentioned before, bristle worms are excellent members of the reef tank cleanup crew. They are attracted to decaying matter and will be one of the first on the scene to take advantage of uneaten food or a dead fish or invertebrate.
    4. During the night. Bristle worms are largely nocturnal and will become most active and present when the tank lights are out.

    Bristle worm populations directly correlate to the abundance of food in the tank; more available food equals larger populations of bristle worms and vice versa.

    While there isn’t ever a thing as having too many bristle worms in your reef tank, they can definitely start to become unsightly over time; some more advantageous types of bristle worms might even start to steal food from fish and corals if food supplies become limited.

    It should be noted that there have been some claims of bristle worms injuring or killing fish. Though these claims are few and far in between, it’s not impossible.

    If keeping sand-dwelling fish, like gobies, it is also possible for your fish to get pricked by a bristle worm. Bristle worm-hungry fish, like wrasses, may get stabbed around their mouths while eating. These injuries will eventually heal and there is usually no reason to worry, however, keep an eye out for any signs of infection.

    How Do They Enter the Aquarium?

    Bristle worms enter the aquarium just as any other hitchhiker does: through objects moved between tanks.

    One of the most common ways to introduce a bristle worm into the aquarium is through live rock. These worms have the incredible capability to burrow themselves into the deepest parts of live rock where they can’t be reached.

    In the same way, bristle worms can come in on frags plugs and skeletons of coral (like LPS corals) as well as substrate or filter media that was previously used in another saltwater tank. Though less likely, some bristle worm species reproduce by releasing eggs and sperm into the water column that eventually become free-swimming larvae. Both eggs and larvae could possibly be transferred via water.

    Once in the aquarium, your bristle worms will continue to reproduce in this way in relationship to the amount of food available. Some species may also reproduce asexually.

    What Do They Do in the Aquarium?

    Besides looking somewhat scary, what do bristle worms actually do, and are they worth keeping in your reef tank?

    The short answer is yes. Bristle worms are one of the most beneficial hitchhikers that can be introduced into your tank as long as they are the right kind. These worms are natural detritivores that clean up the various waste and detritus that are created in the aquarium; some species can be omnivorous.

    For the most part, bristle worms stay in the substrate or in the live rock. Like terrestrial worms in the soil, they can help aerate substrate in order to prevent nitrate buildup. Shuffling the substrate can also help algae from forming on the surface and make vacuuming easier. Inside of the live rock, bristle worms can clean hard-to-reach places and help dead zones from collecting waste.

    Overall, bristle worms are a helpful, abundant, and often free member of the tank clean up crew that does not need to be removed or monitored. However, if you’re dealing with anything other than your typical bristle worm, there might be some cause for concern.

    Types

    Though all bristle worms might look the same, they’re usually lumped into two categories in the aquarium hobby: good (harmless) and bad (harmful).

    With so many species–and so many still unknown–it can be very difficult or even impossible to assign an exact scientific name to the type you have. It is very likely that you end up with more than one species in your reef tank anyway, so a broader categorization is better.

    The Good Guys

    Bristle Worm Upclose

    Most bristle worms are beneficial and look the same (picture source). They are typically light red to pink. There is usually a darker section of their body which is food being digested. These worms have clear or white bristles on either side of their flat body and usually stay under 3-4 inches long.

    The Bad Guys

    In general, bad bristle worms are any that deviate from this ‘common’ bristle worm appearance. This can mean deeper intensities of pinks and reds, striping, or differences in size; some hobbyists remove any worms they see that have breached the 4 inch mark, though this does not necessarily mean that they are a harmful species.

    The bigger concern with larger bristle worms is that they can start to produce significant amounts of bioload and possibly eat or injure fish and invertebrates. Most of all, they are an unsightly member of the tank system.

    On the other hand, there are a few species of bristle worm that are known to be bad through and through. This includes members from the Eunicidae family and fireworms.

    Eunicid Worms

    Eunicids are pretty easy to identify. These dark red or black worms are considerably larger and rounder than common bristles, with some growing in excess of 10 inches, like the bobbit worm.

    Their most defining feature is their antennae which surround their feeding structure. These can usually clearly be seen poking out from rockwork or the substrate. Otherwise, they have thinner and more separated bristles than regular bristle worms.

    Though some reef tank owners allow smaller eunicid worms to keep their tanks clean, larger individuals have been known to go after fish and corals. As a result, many hobbyists try to remove them as soon as possible.

    Fireworms

    Fireworm

    When researching saltwater aquarium bristle worms, one of the first things that will come up is a fireworm. These worms are considered one of the worst hitchhikers that could enter your system as they have highly irritable bristles that can cause severe pain and discomfort; it is strongly believed that some species of fireworm are venomous.

    These worms are named after their bright white bristles that are sometimes puffy-looking and fiery sting. Fireworms are usually thicker, longer, and much more ornate than regular bristle worms. They can feature dark reds and browns. If your bristle worm looks dangerous, it is probably a fireworm.

    There are over 120 different species of fireworm, though they’re not incredibly common to come across in the reef aquarium. One of the most common species to come across is the bearded fireworm (Hermodice carunculata).

    Though these worms can inflict serious pain, they are not deadly to humans or fish. If you suspect that you have a fireworm in your tank, use thick gloves and/or remove it from your tank immediately.

    What Happens If You’re Stung By A Fireworm?

    Fireworm stings aren’t very common, but if you happen to get stung by one, you’ll want to know what to do.

    Fireworm stings are painful and you’ll know right away that something has happened. Though, in an aquarium, there are many things that could possibly hurt you so closer examination is needed.

    First, look at the affected area. Most times, you’ll be able to see the bristles in the skin. These bristles should first be removed with tweezers or adhesive tape. Isopropyl alcohol and vinegar may be applied to the area; the isopropyl alcohol will help prevent infection while the vinegar will dissolve any remaining bristles. Ibuprofen may be taken for the pain.

    Common symptoms of a fireworm sting are localized burning sensations, bumpy skin, irritation, and blotchiness. In extreme cases, the person may experience dizziness and nausea and medical assistance is recommended.

    If mild symptoms continue, hydrocortisone may be applied over the following days. If infection starts, it is recommended to seek medical attention and start a course of antibiotics.

    Bobbit Worm (The Nightmare)

    The scariest bristle worm that you will ever come across would be the bobbit worm. They are known as the nightmare of saltwater fish tanks. These predators can grow as long as 10 feet and will readily eat fish in your aquarium. They often times will be hidden for a long time and the aquarist will wonder why their fish keep disappearing. They will hitchhike on live rock and considered one of the major pests you can get from them. Want to be scared? Check out this video below by Smithsonian Channel.

    https://youtu.be/K_7ByiYbCYM

    How to Get Rid of Worms

    If you really can’t stand the look of bristle worms, then you’ll want to get them out of your tank as soon as possible.

    Luckily, there are a few ways to get rid of bristle worms safely and with little to no additional work. Here are some of the best options for eliminating or controlling bristle worm populations.

    Traps

    There are many bristle worm traps commercially available that are specifically made for catching bristle worms. Simply place this trap in your tank with some food loaded and you should catch a good amount of worms at a time; these traps are designed so that the bristle worms can easily enter but cannot exit.

    There are also some DIY alternatives. One of the methods for making a bristle worm trap is by using a bottle or a piece of PVC piping. If using piping, make sure that both sides are sealed.

    First, cut form-fitting holes along the sides of the bottle or pipe. Angle straws or another cylindrical plastic tube pointing down towards the sand bed; you may create as many of these entryways as you want. Place some food inside, submerge overnight, and remove the bristle worms the following morning.

    Manual Removal

    In addition to traps, you may try manually remove bristle worms from your aquarium. This is much more time-consuming but can deal with any stragglers that might refuse to go in a trap.

    Basically, use tongs to remove any bristle worms you see at any given moment. These worms are surprisingly fast and will react to changes in light, like the shadow from an incoming hand, so make sure to be fast with your movements.

    Some hobbyists even lure bristle worms out by attaching food to the end of the tongs and picking up any that make their way out. There is no wrong way to catch them, though it is recommended to wear protective gloves if working up close to them.

    Natural Predators

    If you have a large enough aquarium and want to add another fish or invertebrate but also want to get rid of your bristle worm problem, then there are also a few livestock options.

    Arrow Crabs (Stenorhynchus seticornis)

    Arrow crabs are one of the best invertebrate solutions for controlling bristle worm populations. These crabs can be scavengers or active predators and will gladly eat any bristle worm they come across.

    However, these crabs aren’t 100% reef-safe. They have been known to pick at corals and even other slow invertebrates and fish. They will not take care of any algae in the tank and heavily rely on meatier foods for sustenance.

    If wanting to keep an arrow crab in the aquarium, then tank mates should be considered carefully; there should be nothing that your crab could accidentally eat and there should be nothing that could accidentally eat your crab!

    Wrasses

    Yellow Coris Wrasse

    Wrasses are one of the best fish to add to your aquarium if you’re having a bristle worm explosion. These fish are active and colorful and have a big appetite for worms.

    Wrasses can differ in size and behavior, so it’s important to check if your fish is compatible with your setup before adding it to your tank. Here are some of the best wrasse species to get rid of your bristle worm problem:

    • Six Line Wrasse (Pseudocheilinus hexataenia) – maximum size of 3 inches; minimum tank size of 55 gallons
    • Pink-streaked wrasse (Pseudocheilinops ataenia) – maximum size of 2.5 inches; minimum tank size of 15 gallons
    • Red coris wrasse (Coris gaimard) – maximum size of 15 inches; minimum tank size of 125 gallons
    • Melanurus wrasse (Halichoeres melanurus) – maximum size of 4.5 inches; minimum tank size of 50 gallons
    • Yellow coris wrasse (Halichoeres chrysus) – maximum size of 4.5 inches; minimum tank size of 50 gallons

    Apart from wrasses, there are a few other fish species that could help control bristle worm populations in your aquarium. Some of these options include goatfish (Mullidae family), butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae family), and gobies (Gobiidae family).

    What To Do With Unwanted Worms

    If you’ve chosen to use a trap or manually remove your bristle worms, you’ll find yourself wondering what to do with them. There are three options you have for dealing with unwanted bristle worms:

    1. Sell/give them away to another hobbyist. Believe it or not, bristle worms are in high demand. They’re one of the best cleanup crew members and some hobbyists haven’t been fortunate enough to have them come in on their rock. Ask local hobbyists and fish stores if they’re interested in taking them off your hands.
    2. Put them in your sump. If you have sump filtration, underneath the tank is the perfect spot for your worms. They will continue to clean just as well, but out of sight from your main display. It is very possible that some will make their way back up through the plumbing, but this can be controlled with a natural predator or regular removal.
    3. Dispose of them. If you have no other option, then humanely killing the bristle worms is the best method of disposal. You can place them in freshwater, hydrogen peroxide, or a coral dip that specifically targets invertebrates.

    Closing Thoughts

    While bristle worms might not be the prettiest aspect of your saltwater aquarium, they are one of the best live rock hitchhikers that and can come on coral frags. Like other hitchhikers, there are good and bad species, though the bad ones are relatively easy to remove by hand or with a natural predator; if handling, always use proper safety equipment.

    Otherwise, bristle worm populations will sustain themselves based on the amount of food available in the aquarium. Smaller ones will typically not affect fish or corals, though larger ones should be removed in order to prevent possible injury.


    ๐Ÿ“˜ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Saltwater Fish & Reef Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for marine fish, coral care, reef setup, and more.

  • Frontosa Cichlid Care – A How To Guide

    Frontosa Cichlid Care – A How To Guide

    Frontosa cichlids are one of the most impressive fish you can keep in a large freshwater tank โ€” that nuchal hump and bold striping make them look like something prehistoric. I’ve seen well-kept frontosas become genuine showstoppers that stop visitors in their tracks. They’re slower moving and more peaceful than most cichlids their size, but they do need significant space and appropriate tank mates from Lake Tanganyika.

    It’s very easy to see why the Frontosa Cichlid, Cyphotilapia frontosa, is so popular with aquarists around the world. It’s not only their great looks that keep them as favorites. Frontosa Cichlid Care in summary is simple and they have an easy going nature as long as you select the right tank mates. These traits make them just as attractive as their looks.

    If you’re looking for a stunning freshwater fish with great personality and the ability to fascinate whoever sees it in your tank, the Frontosa Cichlid could be the perfect fit. Read on to learn everything you need to know about caring for these peaceful rift lake cichlids.

    Species Overview

    Scientific NameCyphotilapia frontosa, Cyphotilapia gibberosa, Paratilapia frontosa, Pelmatochromis frontosus
    Common NamesFrontosa Cichlid, Frontosa, Humphead Cichlid, Front Cichlid, Tanganyika Humphead Cichlid
    FamilyCichlidae
    OriginLake Tanganyika, East Africa
    DietCarnivorous, piscivorous
    Care LevelModerate
    ActivityLow
    Lifespan15+ years
    TemperamentSemi-aggressive
    Tank LevelMidwater
    Minimum Tank Size75 Gallons
    Temperature Range72 – 82ยฐ F
    KH10-20
    pH Range7.8 to 8.2
    Filtration/Water FlowLow to moderate
    Water TypeFreshwater
    BreedingMouth brooder
    Difficulty to BreedModerate
    CompatibilityCompatible with some other rift valley lake cichlids and other large peaceful fish
    OK, for Planted Tanks?Compatible with some plants

    Origins and Habitat

    The Burundi Frontosa Cichlid is endemic to the waters of Lake Tanganyika in the region of East Africa, which means that is the only place in the world where it occurs naturally. This massive rift lake is shared by the African countries of Zambia, The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, and Burundi.

    These fish live in surprisingly deep water compared with most species in the hobby and are usually found at depths of greater than 50ft, but even down to over 300 ft, although they do move towards the surface to hunt.

    At these depths, aquatic plants don’t get enough light to grow so their environment is pretty bare. The habitat where they live consists of rocky areas, with patches of open sand between boulders at the lake bottom.

    Scientists have determined that there are more than one species of Frontosa Cichlid. The 2 best-known species are Cyphotilapia frontosa from the north of the lake, and C. gibberosa, which can be found in the south1.

    What Does the Frontosa Cichlid Look like?

    What Does The Frontosa Cichlid Look Like

    Cyphotilapia frontosa is a large and boldly patterned African cichlid species. One of the most characteristic and recognizable features of this popular fish species is the large hump that mature fish develop on their forehead.

    The hump on the forehead is actually an extension of the dorsal muscles. Both the male and female Frontosa cichlids grow this hump, but it does grow larger in older, dominant males.

    A male frontosa will also grow bigger than females and their pelvic, anal and dorsal fins grow longer with age. Apart from these differences, the male and female look very similar. Juveniles of both male and female Frontosa Cichlids look identical.

    These fish have 5-7 broad, black vertical bars on the sides of their bodies. The body color is white, blue, or sometimes yellowish. The fins are a beautiful light blue color.

    Interestingly, the body color and brightness of these fish can change depending on their mood. Dominant and stressed fish are often a darker color, while males that are ready to spawn will display brighter blue coloration.

    The physical differences between Cyphotilapia frontosa and Cyphotilapia gibberosa are not all that easy to see and consist mostly of differences in the number of scale rows and the proportions of the body and fins.

    There are many different color variants available. These different variants are usually the result of populations from isolated regions in the lake developing distinct colors and markings, although some have been developed in the hobby.

    Some popular variants of Cyphotilapia frontosa and C. gibberosa include:

    • Burundi Six-stripe Frontosa
    • Zaire Blue frontosa/ Blue Zaire
    • Zambian Blue Frontosa/ Blue Face Frontosa
    • Red Frontosa
    • Tanzanian 7-stripe Frontosa

    Are They Easy to Take Care of?

    The Burundi Frontosa Cichlid is not difficult to take care of as long as you get the basics right. Keep these fish in the right size aquarium, with suitable water conditions and with the right number of specimens and you should have some stunning, long-lived pets.

    They have been successfully bred in home aquariums without much difficulty. These fish are slow-growing though, so patience is one of the biggest challenges. Juveniles will need about 3 and a half years before they are ready to breed.

    When the time comes, breeding is also a slow process. These fish are mouth brooders, and the female may keep the eggs in her mouth for 5 to 7 weeks or more.

    What Is Their Eating Habit?

    The Burundi Frontosa Cichlid is a piscivorous fish species which means they feed on other smaller fish in nature. Frontosas are ambush hunters that rely more on stealth than speed to catch their prey. They also feed on shellfish and other aquatic organisms and are thought to eat some algae and plant matter sometimes as well.

    In the home aquarium, Cyphotilapia frontosa should be fed a balanced diet that is rich in proteins. A high-quality cichlid pellet is the best choice for their regular diet, although juvenile fish might find flake food easier to manage. Ron’s Cichlid food is a great choice as a staple in a cichlid diet.

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    Ron is an African Cichlid breeder with over 25 years in experience who created a line of food that is well balanced. A great option when you can’t use frozen foods.

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    Other supplementary food options include:

    • Fresh or frozen fish like tilapia. Avoid processed fish products.
    • Bloodworms
    • Brine shrimp
    • Krill
    • Mosquito larvae
    • Mussel meat
    • Occasional vegetable matter like spinach, kale, chopped peas, or spirulina algae wafers

    Even though it may be more convenient, aquarists should avoid feeding bird or mammal meat as these fish are not adapted to digest these forms of protein. Live fish such as feeder fish can be fed, but should be avoid as they can spread disease in the aquarium.

    Can They Live Alone?

    It is not recommended to keep Frontosa Cichlids alone. Cyphotilapia frontosa is a social species of fish that can be found in groups of over 1000 individuals in their natural lake habitat.

    Wherever possible, it’s always best to provide your fish with the kind of living conditions they have in nature. This doesn’t only apply to things like water chemistry and flow but also to natural behaviors. They will be most happy if kept in a group where they can display their natural behaviors, and they will probably be more interesting pets for the same reason.

    In the home aquarium setting, it is best to keep a minimum of 6-8 individuals to reduce aggression. The ideal ratio would be 1 male to 6 females.

    That being said, if you really want a Burundi Frontosa Cichlid but you can’t keep the recommended number of individuals, it would be better to keep just one with some other compatible fish. That way you can avoid aggression in a group that is too small.

    How Big Can They Grow? What Tank Size Is Right for Them?

    Although these fish are usually bought as juveniles in the fish store at just 1.5 to 4 inches long, when fully grown they are large African rift lake cichlids that can grow longer than 12 inches.

    Males can reach a maximum of about 13 inches while females are smaller, growing to about 10 inches long. although juveniles can be kept in a 75-gallon aquarium, a group is best kept in a much larger aquarium size of around 150 gallons.

    Fortunately, they are slow-growing fish, so you can definitely start out with a 75 gallon, provided you can commit to upgrading when the time comes. Of course, it is better to start out with the right size aquarium from the beginning though.

    How Long Do They Live?

    The Burundi Frontosa Cichlid is a large slow-growing species, and so it comes as no surprise that they are a long-lived fish species. Frontosas kept in the right aquarium environment, with the right care, can easily live 15 years.

    Some specimens even live for longer than 25 years. For this reason, keeping these fish should definitely be looked at as a long-term commitment.

    Are They Aggressive?

    These fish are generally classed as semi-aggressive cichlids. This can be a little confusing because, on the one hand, you’ll hear about some keepers having problems with aggression, while others describe them as really calm, peaceful fish.

    The key to preventing aggression is to keep these fish in a big enough tank and to keep the right number of individuals.

    They are carnivorous animals that eat other fish in nature, so you shouldn’t be surprised to learn that they will eat other smaller fish in your home aquarium too. The obvious way to prevent this problem is to keep them only with other similarly sized and equally non-aggressive fish.

    As a species, Frontosa Cichlids are not very active, and relatively speaking, they are very peaceful for a cichlid. These fish have a social dominance structure with a dominant male and subordinate males and females. In a larger aquarium, more than one alpha can occur and the pecking order can be more complex.

    How Much Do They Cost?

    The price of the Burundi Frontosa Cichlid can vary tremendously depending on the variant and purchase size of the fish. Another important pricing factor is whether the specimen was wild-caught in Lake Tanganyika or tank-bred.

    You can usually expect to pay between $20 and $40 for a small, tank-bred specimen. Wild-caught fish are of course far more expensive and difficult to find.

    Tank Requirements (Care)

    Although Frontosas are fairly easy cichlids to care for, they do have some pretty important aquarium requirements that have to be met. These are not small fish so you will need to be sure you have enough space to house them.

    You’ll also need enough time to keep up with regular water changes, and enough funds to buy a good quality filtration system and good quality nutrition to keep them healthy in the long term.

    Let’s take a closer look at what you’ll need to keep these awesome cichlids.

    Filtration and Water Quality

    As with all the rift valley lake cichlids from Africa, these fish prefer alkaline water chemistry with a high pH of up to about 9. The vast majority of Cyphotilapia frontosa available in the aquarium trade are farmed, however, and have become acclimated to lower pH water conditions.

    The Burundi Frontosa Cichlid needs excellent water quality so it is important to provide excellent filtration and keep up with weekly partial water changes. An external canister filter, sump system, or both are recommended.

    This cichlid is adapted to a lake environment where there is usually little water flow and current so they will do best in aquariums with a lower flow rate. If you have a power filter, you can reduce the flow in your tank by aiming the outflow upwards towards the water surface.

    Your aquarium must be fully cycled before introducing these fish so that the water parameters stay stable and you don’t get any dangerous spikes in ammonia and nitrite levels.

    A weekly 25-50% water change is recommended and the new water added to your tank should be treated with a water conditioner to make it fish safe. Regular vacuuming of the gravel or substrate in your tank is also important for maintaining great quality water.

    Tank Environment

    Frontosa Cichlid with Live Plants

    A rocky habitat with low light will most closely recreate the habitat this African cichlid prefers in the waters of Lake Tanganyika. Make sure to provide plenty of hiding spaces, with at least one for each individual fish.

    Aquarium rocks can be arranged to create caves but make sure they are stable for the safety of your fish. Alternatively, old flowerpots make great shelters and can even be used as a breeding site. Use smooth rocks or pots without sharp edges that could damage your fish’s fins though.

    Whatever you use to create shelters in your aquarium, make sure some are large enough to accommodate the dominant male and some are not large enough to accommodate him so that subordinate fish will always have a place to hide if necessary.

    A deep tank is best because this will provide your fish with plenty of swimming space. Crushed coral sand or aragonite makes the best aquarium substrates because they help to maintain the high pH and water hardness that rift valley cichlids prefer. Alternatively, you can use sand or gravel as a substrate.

    Live Plants

    Being a relatively deep water fish species, these cichlids are happy to live in an environment without plants. That being said, it is possible to keep the Burundi Frontosa cichlid in a planted tank. One important point to remember is that Frontosa Cichlids should not be kept in bright light environments and this rules out most plant species.

    Low light aquarium plants like Java Ferns and Anubias that are not rooted, but rather grown attached to aquarium driftwood or rocks are your best bet here. So all in all, Frontosas are not ideal for planted tanks, but it’s not impossible to keep both.

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    Java Fern

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    Tank Mates

    The best tank mates for Frontosas are other peaceful African cichlids from Lake Tanganyika. This is mostly because these fish enjoy the same water conditions. Other fish like Malawi cichlids can also make great tank mates though.

    These fish are piscivorous, which means they feed on smaller fish species in nature. Even if you provide them with high-quality commercial fish food, they will not pass up the opportunity to snack on small fish or inverts so be careful about introducing other fish that are not of a similar size.

    Another point to consider is that Frontosas are very slow growers, so juveniles might be outgrown by their tank mates if they are all stocked at the same time.

    Some good tank mates for Cyphotilapia frontosa include:

    How To Breed

    Breeding fish is a post in itself and the Frontosa is no exception. However, the video below from Ricky Kenerly Cichlids is a great overview on how to breed these fish.

    • Fish need to be at least 2-3 years old (They take a while to reach sexual maturity)
    • Stable pH (7.7 – 8.5)
    • Use sandy substrate (for nest building)
    • Diet – be solid on your diet plan. See diet info earlier in the post
    • Focus on smaller water changes to lower stress on your fish
    • Use at least a 55 gallon breeding tank for breeding pairs

    Check it the full video below:

    FAQs

    Are they aggressive?

    The Burundi Frontosa Cichlid is a pretty peaceful fish by cichlid standards. They are usually not aggressive unless they are kept in an aquarium that is too small or kept in groups of less than 6 individuals.

    Why are they so expensive?

    The main reason for the high price of Frontosas is their slow growth rate and the fact that they are only ready to breed at the age of 3 or 4 years. This makes breeding these fish a pretty expensive process and therefore the fish need to be sold at a high price to cover costs.

    What fish can you put with them?

    The best tank mates for Cyphotilapia frontosa are other freshwater fish from Lake Tanganyika since they prefer the same water parameters. Some Malawi cichlids are also compatible with Frontosas.

    Are they hardy?

    Although the Burundi Frontosa Cichlid may look tough and robust, they do need excellent quality water and the right environment or they can be susceptible to health problems.

    How big do they get?

    Cyphotilapia frontosa is a large aquarium fish. This species can reach a length of about 13 inches, although they are slow-growing and take many years to reach their full size.

    Final Words

    The Burundi Frontosa Cichlid, Cyphotilapia frontosa, is an outstanding aquarium fish that is fairly easy to keep, as long as you can provide it with the space and water quality it deserves. These large and beautiful fish are a firm favorite among aquarists and should be at the top of any fishkeeper’s wish list. Leave us a comment below if you have anything else you want to add about these amazing Aquatic creatures.


    ๐Ÿ“˜ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Freshwater Fish Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for freshwater species, care tips, tank setup, and more.

  • Cryptocoryne Wendtii Care – A How To Guide

    Cryptocoryne Wendtii Care – A How To Guide

    Cryptocoryne wendtii is one of the plants I keep coming back to in my planted tanks, and for good reason โ€” it’s tough, beautiful, and works across a wide range of conditions. I’ve grown it in low-tech tanks with no CO2 and in high-tech setups, and it adapts well either way. The varied leaf colors depending on conditions make it one of the more interesting crypts to experiment with.

    Cryptocoryne wendtii is one of the best low-maintenance aquarium plants in the aquarium hobby. But what are proper Cryptocoryne Wendtii Care routines. This blog post is all about keeping them healthy and happy!

    They are a hardy and adaptable species that come in a wide variety of shapes and colors. These crypts do well under a range of lighting and with or without CO2, making them a great choice for both beginners and more advanced aquarists. Read on to learn more about growing and caring for these popular aquatic plants.

    A Brief Overview

    Scientific NameCryptocoryne wendtii
    Common NamesWendt’s water trumpet, Wendt’s cryptocoryne, Wendt’s crypt, Sri Lanka Cryptocorynes
    FamilyAraceae
    OriginSri Lanka, Asia
    Skill LevelEasy
    Lightinglow-high, 50-200 PAR (Umols)
    Tank PlacementForeground, Midground & Background
    Flow RateLow, Moderate
    Temperature Range68 โ€“ 82 F
    Height4 – 14 inches
    pH Range6.8 โ€“ 7.2
    PropagationRunners, Division
    Growth RateSlow, Moderate
    Feed TypeRoot Feeder
    CO2 RequirementNo

    Origins And Habitat

    Cryptocoryne wendtii is an aquatic plant that is native to the northern, western, and central parts of Sri Lanka in Asia. This species has also become established in Florida in the United States. In nature, they grow along shady streams and rivers, either fully submerged or on the banks.

    What Does It Look Like?

    What Does Cryptoryne Wendtii Look Like

    This aquarium plant has an attractive, rosette growth form. They are pretty variable in size and shape depending on location, variety, and lighting.

    The texture of the leaves varies from flattened to undulating margins and there are many different color variations. The leaves can be anything from deep green, through olive to brown. Some varieties even have white, golden yellow, pink, or red hues as well.

    These aquarium plants can grow from 4 inches to over a foot tall. The leaves are often held pretty flat over the substrate or the plants can develop a more upright shape.

    Cryptocoryne wendtii develops a large system of roots but they are not visible above the substrate.

    Placement And Lighting

    Cryptocoryne wendtii looks great in the aquascape, and how you place it will depend on which type you have and the dimensions of your aquarium. In a small tank, this species can take the place of stem plants and be used as a background plant. In a large setup, the smaller green varieties look great in the foreground.

    These crypts look great when planted in groups and some of the more interesting forms such as Cryptocoryne wendtii ‘Gecko’ make a wonderful focal point in the midground.

    They are a popular choice for Dutch-style planted tanks as well as nature aquariums and are especially well suited to tropical Asian and Sri Lanka biotopes.

    Crypt Wendtii is an adaptable aquarium plant that grows well under low light and even high light. LED lights or fluorescent bulbs are both suitable. Just be sure to use a fluorescent bulb of the correct spectrum for healthy plant growth.

    Under stronger light, these aquarium plants will tend to take a more compact growth form and display better color.

    What Are Good Tank Mates?

    Cryptocoryne wendtii can be kept with most peaceful and non-vegetarian freshwater fish species and invertebrates. Just make sure that all the plant and animal species you add to your tank do well in the same parameters before bringing them home.

    Blue Ram Cichlid in Planted Tank

    Good Tank Mates

    Some good tank mates for Cryptocoryne wendtii include:

    Fish Species To Avoid

    Once planted, crypts do not like being uprooted and disturbed so avoid keeping large cichlid types like Oscars that shift the substrate as this may dislodge and damage the plants.

    These aquarium plants have been kept successfully with goldfish. Even though they are considered one of the better plants to keep with these fish, goldfish are notorious for damaging plants.

    Feeding (Fertilization)

    Crypts are root feeders, which means they will get most of the nutrients they need from a good-quality aquarium substrate. If you grow them in an inert medium like sand or washed gravel, however, you will need to feed these plants with root tabs.

    How Much And How Often To Feed

    Root tabs are capsules of slow-release aquarium fertilizers that are buried in the substrate at the root zone. Crypts are generally slow-growers that don’t need a huge amount of nutrients and therefore your root tabs will probably last a few months before you need to replace them. It is always best to follow the instructions of the specific product you’re using for best results though.

    Apart from supplying nutrients directly to the roots, these plants will also benefit from liquid water column fertilizers like APT Complete from time to time. A great time to dose these supplements is after your weekly water change.

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    CO2 Injection

    Co2 injection is not required for growing this hardy plant species. However, if you already run a planted aquarium with CO2, you can grow this plant in the same system and they will definitely benefit from it.

    A useful alternative to CO2 injection that could benefit these aquarium plants is a regular dose of a liquid carbon supplement like Seachem Excel.

    Types

    There are many great varieties of this popular plant with different color variations, leaf size, and texture of the leaves.

    • Cryptocoryne wendtii ‘Green’ – This small variety reaches a very manageable size making it a great choice for smaller tanks. The green leaves often grow outwards, virtually flat on the ground, although the plant may reach about 6 inches tall and wide.
    • Cryptocoryne wendtii ‘Brown’ – This popular form reaches about the same size as ‘green’ but features brown or mottled brown foliage with attractive wavy edges.
    • Cryptocoryne wendtii ‘Pink’- This striking form produces bold pink foliage and makes a very interesting specimen. This type will show better color under good light and with added CO2.
    • Cryptocoryne wendtii ‘Gecko’ – This very attractive form has bright foliage with wavy margins and red-brown markings.
    • Cryptocoryne wendtii ‘Florida Sunset’ – This colorful crypt features highly variable foliage that can be marked in pink, white or golden hues. Grow this form under stronger light to bring out its best colors.

    Care

    This crypt is a low-maintenance plant that is easy to grow and care for. The most important key to success is maintaining a stable environment. Let’s take a brief look at how to achieve this in the planted aquarium.

    Planted Tank Parameters

    This plant is adaptable to quite a wide variety of parameters. Like other crypts, they do very well in hard water, but can also be grown in soft water.

    This species prefers neutral water pH but will grow fine in weakly acidic to alkaline parameters. They can be grown in water temperatures between 68 and 82ยฐF, making them ideal plants for both cool water and tropical freshwater fish tanks.

    Water Quality

    This plant prefers good water quality, with stable parameters. Regular partial water changes are one of the most effective and important ways to maintain good water quality. Source water is also a consideration. Hard water can be problematic for plants like crypt wendtii. If you have have really hard source water, you may want to consider an RO system.

    The frequency and volume of your water changes will vary depending on the size and on how heavily stocked your aquarium is. In lightly stocked aquariums with good filtration, a 15-20% water change every week is recommended. Planted tanks with aquascapes tend to lean on changes of up to 50% due to keep their tanks purposely overdosed with fertilizers.

    Filtration 

    Adequate filtration is another vital part of maintaining good water quality in planted aquariums. Contrary to popular belief, filters not only clean the water of physical particles but are also essential for the process of biological filtration.

    During this process, beneficial bacteria convert harmful chemicals from fish waste and food into less harmful compounds. Take care to keep your bacteria colonies safe by not cleaning your filter media with anything other than tank water and never completely replacing all your filter media at the same time.

    In a planted tank setup, plants like cypts will produce more ammonia then fish due to leaf droppings. It is essential to invest in a high quality filtration unit like a canister filter too keep your aquarium from having algae outbreaks.

    Flow

    Since this plant is most adapted to slow-flowing rivers and streams, they will do best in aquariums with low to moderate flow. In the aquarium setting the aquarist can use hardscape features like rocks, driftwood, or ornaments to break up the water flow if needed.

    Aquarium Maintenance

    Aquarium maintenance is a vital part of the hobby and something all aquarists need to keep up with to keep their tanks looking their best and their plants and animals in great health.

    Testing Water Conditions

    Regular testing of your water conditions is an important part of monitoring the health of your aquarium. Fortunately, this is pretty easy with a liquid or strip test kit

    Use your test kit to keep an eye on values like ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, as well as pH and hardness. A thermometer is also essential to monitor the performance of your heater.

    How To Set Up Your Aquarium

    These popular aquarium plants are hardy and adaptable, which means they will do well in most freshwater aquarium setups. Depending on the variety, these crypts can even be kept in small aquariums of just a few gallons.

    Keep in mind that the smaller your setup, the more difficult it is to maintain stable water conditions as parameters can shift pretty quickly.

    The key is to provide enough open space and substrate at the bottom of the tank to allow them to develop a strong set of roots. It is best to provide 2-3 inches of aquarium soil, sand, or gravel.

    How To Propagate

    Cryptocoryne wendtii is quite easy to propagate, although they are a fairly slow-growing plant. Healthy, mature specimens will send out runners that can be removed and replanted. Here is a great video from Otter Creek Aquatics that shows how to propagate Cryptocoryne Wendtii.

    Crypts don’t particularly enjoy being moved though so it is best to wait until the plantlets have grown a few leaves and roots before replanting as this gives them the best chance at surviving the move.

    Health And Disease

    Signs Of Good Health

    The foliage of healthy Cryptocoryne wendtii plants will vary in color and texture depending on the variety but a fairly dull color is quite normal. The leaves should be firm in texture and the plant should have a robust and healthy root system.

    Signs Of Poor Health

    Look out for plants that have melting or decaying foliage. In the early stages, this will appear as discolored growth that may become somewhat translucent before beginning to decay.

    Leaves that have holes or look like they have been partially eaten might be suffering from a nutrient deficiency.  

    Common Health Issues And Treatment

    One of the most common problems seen in this plant is the dreaded crypt melt. In reality, this is nothing to be too concerned about and happens after planting many different aquatic plant species and common when a new plant is introduced.

    Melt usually happens when plants are grown in new environments. The conditions in the home aquarium are usually very different from the farms where these plants are grown and they need to go through a period of adjustment in order to adapt to the new environment.

    During this time, crypts often lose leaves. Go ahead and remove any dead or dying leaves before they decay in your aquarium because this can affect water quality.

    If the conditions in your aquarium are suitable, they will recover and you should see new growth being produced. They are pretty slow-growing plants of course, but your patience should be rewarded.

    Plant Pests

    Ramshorn Snail

    Pests like snails and parasites are often accidentally introduced to home aquariums when adding new plants. Quarantining or sterilizing new plants with a very mild solution of bleach is one useful technique to avoid this.

    Dipping new plants in a solution of 1 part bleach to 20 parts water can be very effective, just be sure to limit the exposure to 2 minutes or less and then rinse off the plant thoroughly in clean water treated with a dechlorinator.

    An easier way to avoid introducing pests is to start off with tissue culture specimens that are farmed under special, pest-free lab conditions.

    Where To Buy

    This very popular aquarium plant is not difficult to find at pet stores and online fish stores. Trusted online retailers like Buceplant stock a range of different varieties as well as pest-free tissue culture specimens at great prices.

    Low Tech Plant!
    Cryptocoryne Wendtii

    A great low tech plant for multiple aquascape types and setups. Forgiving and hardy, the Cyrptocoryne Wendtii is a great introduction to rooted plants!

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    FAQS

    How do you grow them?

    Cryptocoryne wendtii is easily grown by planting the roots into a suitable substrate like aquarium soil, or sand or gravel enriched with fertilizer capsules.

    How fast do they grow?

    These are naturally slow-growing plants, that may grow at a faster rate with good quality lighting and CO2 injection.

    Do they need substrate?

    Crypts grow from a well-developed root structure and should be planted in the substrate. Some aquarists have had good success by growing these plants attached to driftwood although this is not usually recommended.

    Do they need to be planted?

    These cryptocorynes need to be planted in the substrate in order to grow well. Trimming the roots before planting them in the substrate can make the task a lot easier. Use your aquascaping tweezers to push the roots into the substrate and take care to keep the plant’s crown clear and exposed.

    Closing Thoughts

    Cryptocoryne wendtii is one plant that all aquarists should consider growing. This undemanding and low-maintenance species has many different aquascaping uses and will thrive under most lighting conditions. Have you ever tried it in your aquarium? If not, leave us a comment below to tell us how this plant looks with your setup!


    ๐ŸŒฟ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Planted Tank & Aquascaping Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for aquarium plants, aquascaping styles, substrates, and more.

  • Wakin Goldfish Care Guide: The Traditional Japanese Variety Worth Knowing

    Wakin Goldfish Care Guide: The Traditional Japanese Variety Worth Knowing

    The Wakin is one of those goldfish varieties that serious hobbyists appreciate but casual keepers often overlook. I find them fascinating because they bridge the gap between the hardy common goldfish and the more delicate fancy varieties โ€” they have the single tail and robust body of a comet but with a beautiful twin-tail fin. If you want a traditional Japanese goldfish that’s actually practical to keep, the Wakin deserves a close look.

    The Wakin goldfish is one of the oldest domestic goldfish varieties still kept today โ€” and one of the most overlooked by western hobbyists. I’ve covered dozens of goldfish types over the years on our channel, and the Wakin always surprises people who’ve only seen the slow-moving, round-bodied fancy varieties. It has a sleek body like a common goldfish but with a distinctive double tail and often stunning coloration. After 25 years in this hobby, one thing I always make clear: don’t mix Wakin with fancy goldfish. They’re fast, competitive swimmers that will outcompete slower varieties for food every time. This guide covers everything you need to keep Wakin goldfish thriving โ€” whether in a pond or a large aquarium.

    A Brief Overview of the Wakin Goldfish

    Scientific NameCarassius Auratus Auratus
    Common NamesWakin, watonai
    FamilyCyprinidae
    OriginJapan
    DietOmnivore
    Care LevelModerate
    ActivityActive
    Lifespan10 to 15 Years
    TemperamentPeaceful
    Tank LevelMedium
    Minimum Tank Size30 Gallons
    Temperature Range65ยฐF to 72ยฐF
    KH4-20 dGH
    pH Range6.5 to 7.5
    Filtration/Water FlowModerate
    Water TypeFreshwater
    BreedingEgg layers
    Difficulty to BreedEasy to breed
    CompatibilityCommunity tank or species-only tank. Great with Koi in Ponds
    OK, for Planted Tanks?Mostly no

    Origins and Habitat

    Like many other goldfish varieties, the wakin was first bred artificially in Japan in the early 16th century. In its early days, the wakin was a highly prized Japanese goldfish, and only available to the wealthy.

    Generally, aquarists agree that most of the fancy goldfish breeds we know today originated from mutations in the wakin goldfish.

    Like all other goldfish, the wakin is descended from the Chinese gibel carp1.

    What Does Wakin Goldfish Look Like?

    How Does A Wakin Goldfish Look Like

    Similar to common goldfish (picture source), wakin goldfish are physically characterized by a slender and long body shape with no compression. They are classified as a lean bodied or slim-bodied goldfish. These types of goldfish are more atheltic and make for a more sturdy goldfish than other goldfish.

    You will also know wakins by their split tail. However, unlike fancy double-tailed goldfish, these fish have long and flowing double tail. Their caudal fin, which is short, resembles more of a fantail shape. 

    Every wakin goldfish has a unique pattern on its body. In terms of coloration, they come in a wide variety, although they are mainly sought in white, red, or a combination of the two. Additionally, you might find rare colors like calico, yellow, orange and brown, but the rarer the color, the higher the price tag is likely to be.

    And speaking of variations, you might also find the “watonai” variation of wakins, who have flowing tails.

    • How Big are Wakin Goldfish?Add ImageAt a maximum length of 18 inches, wakin goldfish are some of the largest breeds of goldfish youโ€™ll find. Youโ€™re more likely to see them grow to this size if you locate them in a pond instead of in a tank. 
    • How Long Do Wakin Goldfish Live?Add ImageThe average Wakin goldfish can live up to 10 to 15 years, with some exceptions. Those who are carefully looked after can thrive for as long as 20 years! 

    Add New FAQ

    Temperament and Activity Level

    Wakin goldfish are fast and lively fish who enjoy exploring their surroundings. They are mainly peaceful freshwater fish, able to coexist peacefully with most other community fish. That said, you should avoid putting them together with fancy goldfish, since the latter are slow swimmers. As such, theyโ€™ll have to compete for access to food.

    Wakin goldfish are also well-loved for their friendly and curious nature. In fact, once you start feeding them regularly, youโ€™ll start to notice how they rush to the surface of the pond or tank to greet you when feeding time is due.

    What are Good Tank Mates?

    Great Tank Mates

    As fast swimmers, these pet fish are best kept with other fast species such as:

    Besides goldfish, apple snails, ghost shrimps, African dwarf frogs, rosy barbs, and weather loaches.

    Fish Species to Avoid

    Generally, the Wakin goldfish are friendly and playful with most other community fish. However, there are certain fish that don’t get along with them. For instance, you should avoid housing them with aquarium fish species like fancy goldfish as they are slow swimmers and therefore, at a disadvantage during feeding time. You also shouldn’t choose aggressive tank mates for the these fish, such as cichlids

    Just got yourself or considering a Wakin Goldfish? If so, this article about Wakin Goldfish Care will answer all your questions!

    The vivid color, attractive double tail and friendly, curious temperament of the Wakin goldfish (carassius auratus) has led to an increase in its popularity in recent years. Originating in Japan like most other wild carp descended fish, it was the original prototype, of sorts, of many other fancy goldfish breeds.

    Wakin goldfish are a good choice for aquatic pet lovers since they’re not difficult to take care of. Although they are best brought up in a pond, they can also be housed in aquariumsโ€”with the right care guidelines, of course.

    How Big Are They?

    At a maximum length of 18 inches, wakin goldfish are some of the largest breeds of goldfish youโ€™ll find. Youโ€™re more likely to see them grow to this size if you locate them in a pond instead of in a tank.ย 

    How Long Do They Live?

    The average Wakin goldfish can live up to 10 to 15 years, with some exceptions. Those who are carefully looked after can thrive for as long as 20 years!ย 

    Temperament and Activity Level

    Wakin goldfish are lean bodied goldfish that are fast and lively fish. They enjoy exploring their surroundings. They are mainly peaceful freshwater fish, able to coexist peacefully with most other community fish. That said, you should avoid putting them together with fancy goldfish, since the latter are slow swimmers. As such, theyโ€™ll have to compete for access to food.

    Wakin goldfish are also well-loved for their friendly and curious nature. In fact, once you start feeding them regularly, youโ€™ll start to notice how they rush to the surface of the pond or tank to greet you when feeding time is due.

    What Do They Eat?

    The Waking Goldfish breed is omnivorous. This means that giving them high quality fish food and a varied diet they need is easy, and you can usually feed them most low-fat foods.

    You can give them flakes or pellets, but as always, these should not be their only nutrition source. Instead, you should aim to mix it up by introducing vegetables such as lettuce, broccoli, cabbage and shelled peas, and occasionally, chunks of fruits like strawberries and grapes. Also, if you keep them in an aquarium with live plants, donโ€™t be surprised if they start grazing on them.

    Of course, you should always be cautious about overfeeding them, because doing so can lead to the development of one or more of the digestive conditions or swim bladder problems.

    What About Live Foods?

    Brine shrimp, Tubifex worms, blackworms, bloodworms, mosquito larvae, etc. make good live foods for these fish. Freeze dried and frozen sources of protein will also work.

    How Much and How Often to Feed

    A proper diet is very important for the well-being of your goldfish. Feed them too little and they will fall sick, feed them too much and they will have buoyancy problems.

    The Wakin fish are omnivores which means they can feast on plant and animal matter. While basic store-bought pellets and flakes are a good source of nutrition, try to bring new variations of food. For example, try to drop some lettuce or diced grapes once a week or so and watch how your fish react to it.

    When you’re buying fish food, try to get a mixture of both plant and animal-based varieties. Also, you should choose pellets that sink to the floor rather thank floating on the surface. Goldfish like searching for food at the base of the tank and with variation in the pellets, they won’t get bored.

    You should feed them no more than twice daily and no more than what they can finish off within 3-4 minutes. Remove any leftovers from the water to ensure that the water remains inhabitable.

    Tank Requirements (Care)

    Hereโ€™s what to keep in mind when setting up your wakin tank.

    Tank Size

    Wakin fish can grow quite large and therefore need a lot of room to live freely. A large body also means more waste released into the aquarium. 

    With this in mind, at least a 30 gallon tank is required to house one of these guys, along with an additional 10 gallons of water for each new fish. But there are no limits: the larger the aquarium size, the better. To maximize their happiness and lifespan, outdoor ponds are the best place for a Wakin. You can see a great example of a wakin goldfish tank below by C Lifestyle.

    Tank Setup

    There are some basic elements your tank must have in order for your Wakins to live and thrive. 

    Temperature

    Wakins prefer to live and thrive in cold water; they should be placed in unheated tanks. The ideal water temperature range for them is 65 to 72 degrees F. 

    pH

    Maintain a neutral pH for them between 6.0 and 8.0.

    Ammonia and Nitrate

    Ammonia and nitrate levels should be kept at 0.

    Substrate

    Large, smooth gravel is a good substrate or a fine sandy substrate is best for Wakin goldfish. This is because goldfish love scouring around, they might mistake gravel for food. The wrong gravel size can be accidentally shallowed by your goldfish. Caribsea sand is great for goldfish.

    Ideal For Goldfish
    Caribsea Super Naturals Sand

    This sand by Caribsea is perfect for supporting the foraging habit of goldfish. Also works with bottom feeders and discus fish.

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    Decor

    Using plastic plants along with certain moss types will enhance the look of your aquarium. You can add large stones and small sticks as well to replicate a pond and give your fish plenty of options to play.

    Plants

    Keeping natural vegetation is difficult when it comes to wakin, who love to eat plants. More active ones might even uproot plants. Moreover, many plants wonโ€™t survive in the colder temperatures that wakins like. Knowing this, here are several plants that can take the punishment of these fish or may be ignored entirely:

    If you do not want to deal with the hassle artificial plants is advised. In large commercial size ponds, plants are often omitted

    Filtration

    To deal with the typically large amounts of goldfish waste, go with a filtration system meant for large tanks. Itโ€™s also advised to get a filtration system with a larger tank capacity than what your setup has. A large power filter is minimum for a Wakin in a aquarium. For ponds, consider a waterfall style filtration system. Large ponds over 1500 gallons will often consider bead filtration for maximum biological filtration.

    Since these fish are large and produce a lot of waste, consider a high end biological media like biohome.

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    How to Breed

    We have certain pointers for those of you who are particularly interested in creating your own Wakin ecosystem. 

    To push your mating, you must first replicate the natural changes they go through in a pond. Firstly, since they mate during spring, dropping the water temperature to 60 or 65 degrees F will signal the fish to procreate.

    You must offer the fish adequate natural vegetation such as the Java moss in order to create suitable egg laying zones. You can also look for artificial spawning mops which do the same job as the moss. You should see fry within 48-72 hours of eggs being laid.

    Note that in larger ponds, Wakin Goldfish breed regularly. If you donโ€™t want an overflowing pond, youโ€™ll have to make regular checks. Larger fish like Koi will eat baby fry.

    Health and Disease

    The best way to keep your fish healthy is with great filtration and a quality diet. Prevention is the best remedy when it comes to health. If you are wondering if your fish is unhealthy, there are some pointers to help.

    Signs of Good Health

    A healthy wakin is one that retains its friendly, lively and curious nature. You will see it frequently dipping in and out of tank and pond decorations, swimming swiftly and actively, and eating large amounts of food in short amounts of time.

    Signs of Poor Health and Treatment

    Unfortunately, like all goldfish varieties, wakins are also susceptible to freshwater fish diseases like ich, fin rot, bacterial infections, fluke, etc. The article I linked to contains a wealth of information on how to identify and cure many common diseases you may come across. Common signs of an ill fish would be:

    • Rapid breathing
    • Flashing or scratching rocks/gravel
    • White and stringy poop
    • Red marks and ulcers
    • Torn or clamped fins
    • White spots (not to be confused with mating white spots of goldfish who are breeding)

    Wakins are less susceptible to bloat and other diseases that plague fancy goldfish.

    Where to Buy (And Cost)

    You can find them for sale online and at many aquarium stores. The main issue you will run into when shopping locally is the quality of Wakins. They are usually classified as beginner fish and usually not kept in good conditions. The best place to purchase in my mind is from a garden retailer who specializes in pond fish. Wakin goldfish cost more for at these retailers, but they are of superior quality.

    My favorite of these are NextDayKoi. They offer a variety of quality goldfish that work well in ponds and larger aquariums. You won’t be disappointed ordering from them!

    Wakin Goldfish

    With their elongated bodies and unique fins, Wakins are a flash of color and character to your pond

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    Frequently Asked Questions

    How big do these goldfish get?

    In a pond, they might grow to be 18 inches long.

    Are they aggressive?

    They are not aggressive, although they are fast and active fish who should not be kept with slow-moving fish like fancy goldfish

    What do they eat?

    As omnivores, they thrive on a varied diet. Besides flakes and pellets, you should also aim to give them vegetables, fruits, and occasionally live foods.

    Are they rare?

    They arenโ€™t very rare, but not very easy to find either. Especially if you have a small budget, or want special colors on them such as calico and brown, you might have a harder time finding them for sale. The fanciest varieties will often be imported.

    Is it better to keep them in a fish pond or an aquarium?

    Due to their affinity for cold, slow-moving water, they do best in ponds with lots of natural sources of food and of course, space to swim about in. They are also more likely to reach their maximum length of 18 inches if kept in a pond, and breed more easily.

    However, you can also keep them in a tank as long as you closely follow the guidelines weโ€™ve detailed above.

    Closing Thoughts

    With adequate amounts of living space, a varied diet and dedicated care, the Wakin goldfish could be the new pride and joy of your home aquarium. Although itโ€™s best to put them in ponds, replicating a pond environment is also possible. I hope you found these tips helpful! Please leave your comments below so I can continue providing helpful information about these wonderful fish and others in our hobby.


    ๐Ÿ“˜ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Freshwater Fish Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for freshwater species, care tips, tank setup, and more.

  • Everything You Need to Know About Toadstool Coral Care

    Everything You Need to Know About Toadstool Coral Care

    Toadstool coral is one of my top recommendations for anyone setting up their first reef tank, and I keep them in my own reef. They’re remarkably hardy, grow relatively quickly, and the way they wave in the flow is something I never get tired of watching. One thing I always tell people: don’t panic when a toadstool sheds its slime coat and looks terrible for a few days โ€” it’s completely normal and part of how they grow.

    Looking to learn about proper Toadstool Coral Care? If so you are in luck! Toadstool Corals are a perfect choice if you are looking for a beautiful, hardy coral to add to your reef tank at home Toadstool corals are known for their bright colors and easy care. In fact, these beauties will thrive in even some of the most basic aquarium setups! Learn more about this fascinating invertebrate below so that it can become an integral part of your underwater ecosystem!

    Quick Overview

    Scientific NameSarcophyton spp.
    Common NamesToadstool, toadstool mushroom leather coral, leather coral, mushroom coral, trough coral
    Family
    OriginWidely found throughout the Indo-Pacific (Fiji, Australia, Tonga, Solomon Islands)
    Common ColorsGreens, browns, tans, yellows
    Care LevelEasy
    TemperamentPeaceful
    LightingLow-Moderate (50-150 PAR)
    Tank PlacementBottom, Middle, Top
    Flow RateModerate-High
    Temperature Range76-82 degrees F
    pH Range8.0 โ€“ 8.4
    Salinity1.025 or 35 PPT
    Alkalinity8 โ€“ 12 dKH
    Calcium Level350 โ€“ 450 PPM
    Magnesium Level1250 โ€“ 1350 PPM
    PropagationCutting/Fragging

    Origins And Habitat

    Like so many other species, the toadstool leather coral is commonly found throughout the Indo-Pacific off the coasts of Fiji, Australia, Tonga, and the Solomon Islands. These corals thrive in shallow, mixed reefs where they often grow into huge plates that can quickly overshadow life below.

    Though they will always grow towards the light, toadstool corals an be seen growing at most levels of the reef. If they are overshadowed by another coral, they can easily extend their stalk so that tentacles are once again at optimal lighting conditions.

    What Is It?

    In conversation, toadstool corals are regularly referred to as leather corals. However, there are actually several genera of leather coral, which can get confusing as they look and act pretty similar to one another; they are also all soft corals that lack an internal skeleton structure.

    The most common species of leather coral to come across in the aquarium hobby are:

    • Sarcophyton spp. are types of toadstool leather coral. Both Sarcophyton spp. and Lobophytum spp. have dimorphic polyps which means that some tentacles are extended while others stay in the flesh of the coral; toadstool leather corals have much longer extended tentacles than the other genera.
    • Lobophytum spp. include devilโ€™s hand leather corals. These corals also have dimorphic polyps, though their extended tentacles are much shorter and less present than those of toadstool corals. Devil’s hands are popular for their unique claw-shaped formations instead.
    • Sinularia spp. are even more branched than Lobophytum spp. and are largely referred to as finger corals. These corals have small tentacles close to the flesh of the coral that can make for a fuzzy appearance.

    Other leather coral genera you may come across are Kenya trees (Capnela), colt corals or finger leathers (Cladiella), colt corals or cauliflower colt corals (Klyxum), and nepthea or cauliflower corals (Nepthea).

    These corals can be very difficult to tell apart as undeveloped frag pieces. As you can also see, their names are very confusing, which can make identifying your leather very difficult even as fully grown corals.

    What Do They Look Like?

    How Does A Toadstool Leather Coral Look Like

    Toadstool corals are one of the most recognizable species of leather coral and one of the easiest corals to identify in general. A Toadstool leather coral has a singular stalk with a large cap. This cap features extended tentacles which can vary in length across species. Toadstool corals are very accurately named after their similar appearance to toadstool mushrooms.

    Though toadstool corals are relatively plain in color, only featuring greens, browns, tans, and yellows, they are a popular addition to the reef aquarium because of their impressive sizes. These corals can grow to be almost 2 feet across, though they usually stay under a foot in the aquarium setting!

    Luckily, toadstool corals are very easy to propagate so they are easy to handle if they get too big.

    Placement In The Aquarium

    Toadstools are very adaptable corals, however, they aren’t necessarily the least demanding. For being such a beginner-friendly coral, toadstools do best under low to moderate lighting with moderate to strong flow requirements.

    Many hobbyists find that lighting plays a big role in the colors expressed by your toadstool leather coral. Higher lighting will usually cause your toadstool leather coral to be brighter and more vibrant. However, these corals are a low-light species and only need about 50-150 PAR1. They need to either be acclimatized to higher areas in the tank over time or left to grow their stalk naturally.

    Keep in mind that these corals can get huge and will block out light from other corals below. While they can be placed at all levels of the aquarium, it takes some planning to make sure that you don’t lose a big chunk of real estate in your reef aquarium.

    Toadstool corals also need moderate to high flow. In most cases, flow can never be too strong as the coral will adapt and strengthen its stalk; of course, move the coral if it is being bent over by the current. On the other hand, flow can be too low.

    Shedding

    Leather corals are unique as they have the ability to shed. This happens about once every one to two months and is a natural part of how they keep algae and waste off of them. When your toadstool coral is getting ready to shed, you might notice that it changes colors and has its tentacles retracted for a couple of days.

    Eventually, you will see a thin shiny layer form on top of your toadstool coral. Over the next few days, this layer will be shed; this shed can get stuck on other rocks and corals in the tank, but it is not harmful. Once done shedding, your toadstool coral will emerge brighter and fuller than before.

    In order to make sheds easy for your toadstool leather coral, it is best to keep it under moderate to high flow.

    While shedding is a natural process to keep algae and waste from building up on your coral, it can also be a sign that something is wrong in the water column. Toadstool leather corals are notoriously temperamental with some hobbyists having corals that refuse to open on weeks on end.

    For the most part, this isn’t a concern if water parameters are stable and all other livestock is doing well. Expect your leather coral to shed towards the end of this ‘dormant’ period.

    Temperament In The Aquarium

    For being such a large coral, these corals are very peaceful and almost harmless to other species. There are two main concerns you might have if planning on getting a toadstool coral.

    Space

    These corals get huge and their growth is unpredictable. Their stalk does not take up much space on the rockwork, but their cap can spread out several inches.

    The direction of their growth also largely depends on the water flow and light, so they can take on weird shapes that you might not have allowed for. In general, it’s best to place toadstool corals first and allow some time for them to grow before adding more corals below them.

    Luckily, these corals do not have sweeper tentacles and can’t sting, so that is not a concern.

    Toxicity

    Some species of toadstool coral are toxic and can engage in chemical warfare. This might sound scary, and the effects can devastate a tank, but there are ways to be prepared should this happen.

    In most cases, toadstool leather corals release their toxins under stress and or if they’re dying. If this happens, you will see other corals also start to rot, shed, or die. For this reason, it is important to remove melting leather corals from the tank as soon as they are noticed; it is possible to frag dying corals if healthy areas still remain.

    Once the problem coral has been removed, add activated carbon to remove organic impurities (toxins) from the water and perform large water changes over the next few days. If possible, the remaining corals should also be removed from the reef aquarium and moved into quarantine until the tank is ready again.

    Care And Maintenance

    Toadstool Coral in Reef Tank

    Otherwise, toadstool coral care is easy and straightforward. These corals check all the boxes of growing quickly, bringing movement to the tank, and being easy to keep.

    There are many different species and varieties of toadstool leather coral, which can bring some difficulty to more advanced hobbyists if preferred. For example, the Fiji yellow coral (Sarcophyton elegans) is one of the hardest species to keep as it requires high light and high water flow to keep its yellow frilled appearance fully vibrant.

    Are They Easy To Keep?

    Leather corals, especially toadstool leather corals, are very easy to keep. These corals are hardy, easy to find, and easy to frag. They also grow very quickly and are very large, which can be appealing to beginner hobbyists who are looking to quickly fill their saltwater tank. In fact, there is little to no maintenance needed after adding a leather to your aquarium.

    Water Parameters And Dosing

    Toadstool corals do not need any special water parameters. As a soft coral, they do not need to build a calcium carbonate skeleton so they do not heavily rely on many nutrients to grow like large polyp stony corals (LPS) or small polyp stony corals (SPS).

    That being said, toadstool corals need average reef conditions with available nitrates and phosphates. Too often, hobbyists strive for perfect parameters with 0 ppm across the board. Though this might seem like the perfect system, limited nutrients are actually a sign of an unhealthy tank.

    Instead, nutrients should be available for coral growth. If keeping only soft corals, these nutrients usually do not need to be dosed and are introduced naturally into the tank through fish waste, food, and other debris. However, if keeping larger LPS or SPS, then it is recommended to dose those nutrients that are being used for growth.

    Feeding

    These corals do not need to be fed and will grow quickly enough on their own. In fact, these corals are actually too slow to be fed effectively; their tentacles are very slow to retract so food has the chance to be swept away or eaten by something else in the meantime.

    If you are really wanting to feed your toadstool leather coral, then small planktonic foods and specific coral foods, like coral powders, Phytoplanton, and pellets, can be given once or twice a week.

    What Are Good Tankmates?

    Toadstool corals can be kept with nearly all reef safe fish and invertebrates. It should be noted that toadstools with long tentacles may be mistaken as an anemone by clownfish. Unlike other anemone-lookalikes that retract when hosted, like Euphyllia, toadstools are typically better at withstanding annoyances from tankmates and will stay expanded.

    In fact, I have personally had hermit crabs crawl all over the tops of toadstools. Though the coral retracted when touched in that one location, it left its other tentacles open and was quick to extend to full size once the hermit crab left.

    Still, more coral-hungry fish and invertebrates should be avoided. Anything with teeth or pincers is capable of cutting through the soft flesh of a leather coral, which can lead to toxin release in extreme cases.

    Fragging

    Toadstool corals are one of the easiest corals to frag but can be a little intimidating due to their size and the possibility of toxin release. There is little reason to worry though as long as all tools and equipment are laid out ahead of time.

    First, you will need to decide if you want to frag the toadstool coral still inside the main display or if it is possible to remove it and frag it in another tank or bucket. Sometimes the coral is too large or too integrated to remove from the tank, in which case you will need to frag it directly in the aquarium. Here is a good video on how to frag a toadstool coral by How To Reef. I’ll have some details below if you want to keep reading along.

    To frag a toadstool that is still in the aquarium, simply use a scissor or a razor blade to cut pieces from the top. Be sure to avoid the stem as the parent toadstool will use this to grow a new cap. Remove the pieces of frag. It is strongly recommended to run activated carbon and perform larger water changes the following days to remove any possible toxins.

    Many hobbyists like to trim their toadstool frag pieces more uniformly in order to get a more symmetrical appearance once the coral grows; this is not required, but simply trim the pieces into squares and discard or frag the remaining scraps.

    In order to attach the frag to a frag plug or a piece of rock, you may use superglue (cyanoacrylate) or rubber bands. Superglue isn’t as effective with toadstools as these frags may shed several times before attaching to the given surface. In this case, be prepared that some frags may fall off before fully attaching.

    A more secure way to attach your toadstool frag is by using a rubber band. Simply wrap the rubber band around the frag and the rock/frag plug. Make sure that the pressure isn’t too tight as this can cause the frag to split apart.

    Once everything is done, simply dip the frag in fresh saltwater and/or a coral dip to make sure that no toxins are released back into the display aquarium and to help with recovery.

    How Fast Do They Grow?

    One of the reasons toadstools are so easy to propagate is because they recover very quickly. Most times, frags will open their tentacles immediately after being cut but will still take several weeks to completely attach to their new surface; the parent coral may take a little longer but should recover within a couple of weeks.

    After that, toadstools grow very quickly. A frag can turn into a mature coral in less than a year and continue to grow in girth and circumference.

    Why Won’t Your Coral Open?

    As mentioned before, toadstools are notoriously temperamental and have been known to close for weeks on end without any signs of improvement. But how long is too long and when should you start to be concerned?

    As mentioned before, toadstools are very hardy. However, this does not mean they will thrive in less-than-ideal conditions. Instead, they can take a long time to acclimatize to changed conditions. For example, a toadstool introduced to a new aquarium may take several weeks to fully open up even if water parameters are ideal.

    A closed toadstool leather coral can also be a sign of poor water quality, though other fish and corals will likely show signs of unhappiness first. Another reason might be that your coral is going to shed, whether it be because of stress or because it needs to clean itself. If you notice other corals closing up during this time as well, it would be best to test water parameters.

    Lastly, a closed toadstool could be a sign of brown jelly disease. These corals bruise very easily, which can invite infection, namely brown jelly disease. In which case, it is best to remove the affected coral and treat it vigorously as this can be highly contagious.

    Closing Thoughts

    The toadstool coral is a large, impressive coral that doesn’t require much extra care. Not only are toadstool leather corals easy to care for, but they’re also very affordable, quick to grow, and can be fragged easily. These corals might not be the showiest in terms of color, but their extended tentacles can bring movement to the beginner or advanced reef aquarium setup. Leave us your thoughts on this type of leathery reef builder below!


    ๐Ÿ“˜ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Saltwater Fish & Reef Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for marine fish, coral care, reef setup, and more.

  • Kawarimono Koi: The Rare Catch-All Category Serious Collectors Should Know

    Kawarimono Koi: The Rare Catch-All Category Serious Collectors Should Know

    Kawarimono is one of those koi categories I find endlessly interesting because it’s essentially the “everything else” classification โ€” fish that don’t fit neatly into the established varieties. I’ve seen stunning Kawarimono specimens at Aquashella that stopped people in their tracks precisely because they were unlike anything with a standard name. For serious koi collectors, this is where you find truly one-of-a-kind fish.

    At koi shows and vendor events like Aquashella, Kawarimono always draw a second look. They’re the “catch-all” classification in the koi world โ€” non-metallic koi that don’t fit neatly into any of the fifteen standard recognized varieties. That sounds like a consolation prize, but in practice it means Kawarimono includes some of the most unusual and visually striking koi you’ll ever see. Because they’re produced in smaller numbers and don’t follow predictable patterns, they’re legitimately rare. If you’re the kind of koi keeper who wants something that starts a conversation, Kawarimono are worth knowing about.

    A Quick Overview On Kawarimono Koi

    Scientific NameCyprinus rubrofuscus
    Common NamesKoi, Fancy Carp, Nishikigoi, Kawarimono Koi
    FamilyCyprinidae 
    OriginJapan
    Common ColorsSaffron through reddish brown to nearly black
    Care LevelIntermediate
    TemperamentSocial and Peaceful
    LifespanApprox 30 – 40 years
    CompatibilityOther carps and amphibians
    Minimum Pond Size1000 gallons
    Pond Set-upOutdoor water garden with aquatic plants

    Kawarimono mainly falls under two groups:

    1. Black Koi
    2. Solid or single-colored Koi

    Therefore, Kawarimono, being the absolute darling, still doesn’t fall under the fifteen other varieties of Koi.

    However, regardless of their peculiar features, they are produced in small numbers. Hence, rare.

    Black Koi Kawarimono

    Black Koi kawarimono is further classified into five different varieties.

    Kumonryu

    Kumonryu is by far the most prominent Koi of all black Koi varieties which gained prominence in the 1980s. The name Kumonryu means dragon of the nine markings, which is derived from a legend of Dragon Ryu. Ryu was considered a Koi that transformed into a cloud and raced through the sky.

    Kumonryu is named after dragons because their bodies are evocative of the metallic coiled bodies of dragons as portrayed in historical arts.

    Kumonryu Koi are always scaleless (Doitsu) where the black surface is covered with white markings over the head, fins, and body. Some experts claim such details are reminiscent of the Killer whale pattern. The patterns of Kumonryu vary โ€” from large to wavy-edged chunks of white spread along the flanks and head of the body.

    However, the Kumonryu Koi is mainly Doitsu Matsukawabake, meaning that their pattern fluctuates seasonally, depending on the quality and water temperature, forming a black net pattern.

    The class of Koi, though majorly scaleless, showcases a group with singles lines of considerable lateral and dorsal scales. However, that’s rare.

    Beni Kumonryu

    Beni Kumonryu is scaleless Koi with a red pattern over a white and black body.

    However, these variants are not always scaleless, rather show a single line of large scales on the lateral and dorsal sides.

    The red (Beni) pattern often changes frequently, depending upon the water quality and temperature. Whereas, in winters, it’s natural for Beni Kumonryu to turn completely black. However, as the summer and spring approach, the red (Beni) pattern and white base come out.

    Matsukawabakke

    Matsukawabakke is a Kumonryu with scales. Legend has it that Matsukawabakke is the result of Kumonryu and Shusui’s interbreeding.

    And likely so.

    Like its counterparts, Matsukawabakke changes colors frequently during its course of life. Matsukawabakke, in some seasons, can turn totally white or black. However, they exhibit cloudy black patterns in the transition period.

    Karasu

    The literal meaning of Karasu is ‘crow’ in Japanese.

    Karasu is an ancient variety of Koi that showcases black fins and body with a white or orange stomach. However, at times, Karasu shows traces of blue instead of black.

    Hajiro

    Hajiro is a close relative of Karasu with a white nose and white-tipped pectoral fins that add uniqueness to the pool.

    Hageshiro 

    Hageshiro is very similar to Hajiro with a little addition of white on the head.

    Single-colored

    Kawarimono Koi Types

    Chagoi

    Chagoi is a single-colored uniform brown Koi famous for their distinctive qualities, unusual size, amicability, and amiability.

    The word Chagoi is derived from a Japanese word, meaning tea, depicting the true color of this breed.

    Chagoi is naturally peaceful that appreciates hand feeding and generous interaction with their owners.

    However, to determine the best quality Chagoi, one should look out for the paler variants that are blemish-free, and free of spotting, fading, or blurring. Here is a great video by Dazzle Koi that goes in detail on this great breed.

    Soragoi (Plain Gray Blue)

    Soragoi is just like common carp, so they are unpopular when it comes to domesticating Koi fish.

    Soragoi displays plain blue-gray color and can reach over 30 inches in length. Soragoi is usually very docile and calm and may have a calming effect in your garden ponds.

    Ochiba Shigure

    Ochiba Shigure is a cross-bred of the brown-colored Chagoi with the grey-blue Soragoi.

    Together they form a bi-colored pattern, Ochiba Shigure.

    Shiro Muji (White)

    Shiro Muji is an all-white Koi that is a result of successful Kohaku spawning. However, in Shiro Muji, the hi is completely absent.

    The Shiro Muji is often discarded or thrown into the bargain bin. Nevertheless, the fittest ones are stored and raised into quality Koi.

    One of the rarest kind of Shiro Muji is Albinos. They have red eyes, red dorsal fins and tails.

    Kigoi (Non-metallic Yellow)

    Kigoi or lemon Koi are the non-metallic variants of Koi of yellow or pale orange color. They are flat-shaped and matte-colored with a few exceptions of brighter and metallic skin.

    The rarest type of Kigoi is Akame Kigoi, which has red eyes and extremely prized. They have also proven to grow immensely.

    Midorigoi (Green)

    The variety that exhibits the color green is called Midorigoi. Surprisingly, it’s the only family that shows this color.

    Midorigoi are translucent green Doitsu Koi that has black or silver mirror scales.

    Formerly, they emerged from a cross between Shusui and a Yamabuki Ogon in the 1960s as a scaleless breed. However, presently, they are sold as the scaled variants of Koi.

    Magoi

    Magoi has deep bronze scales. However, regardless the color, the Koi seems black from above.

    The Magoi is not considered a true breed by some experts. Nevertheless, the legacy of keeping the fish continues.

    Matsuba

    The matt-scaled non-metallic Matsuba Koi falls in the Kawariumono variety, which are considered rare and pricey.

    How to Choose a high-quality Koi

    The Kawarimono is not just a type, it’s a whole different variety with various other types of unusual yet stunning Koi fish.

    Therefore, the judging criteria for Kawarimono is just the same with any other Koi fish.

    The best quality Kawarimono should be deep and solid with a healthy, lustrous body. Also, there should be no signs of spotting, blurring, or fading. If any of these signs appear, the fish is of inferior quality and usually discarded.

    Furthermore, the distribution of hues and patterns should be consistent all across the entire body. If you are looking to purchase a Koi online, look for a what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG) vendor. NextDayKoi is a great place to get quality Koi at reasonable prices.

    The Most Friendly Koi
    Kawarimono

    A non metallic Koi fish. Features the Chagoi Koi – known as the most friendly Koi in the Pond trade

    Click For Best Price

    FAQs

    What is this type of fish?

    Kawarimono is a broad classification of Koi fish that feature non-metallic bodies with a slight sheen on their skin.

    Kawarimono falls under three categories:

    1. Single-colored koi: Kigoi, Benigoi, Shiro Muji.

    2. Black Koi: Karasu, Kumonryu, Matsukawabake.

    3. Miscellaneous: Matsuba, Midorigoi.

    What are the friendliest Koi?

    Though Koi are considered quite friendly and peaceful pets. However, there’s a classification in Kawarimono that beats all other Koi when it comes to friendliness. And that’s the Chagoi Koi.

    What is Magoi?

    Magoi Koi is the original authentic Japanese Carp introduced in Japan in late 1700s. Magoi Koi is not considered a true breed by some experts. However, they still managed to make their mark. It has deep bronze scales that appear black from above.

    Final Thoughts

    Kawarimono, what’s usually considered as left overs or discarded fish are one of a kind with a broad classification of various unconventional yet beautiful fish that are bred all across the world.

  • Java Moss Care – A How To Guide

    Java Moss Care – A How To Guide

    Java moss is one of those plants that belongs in almost every aquarium setup, and I use it constantly. I’ve tied it to driftwood and rocks in community tanks, used it as a spawning medium in breeding setups, and floated it as cover for fry โ€” it works in every role. It’s completely bulletproof, grows in low light without CO2, and shrimp absolutely love picking through it for food. There’s almost no reason not to have some in your tank.

    Java moss is a hardy, low-maintenance plant that can be grown in just about any type of aquatic environment. If you’re looking to add some diversity to your tank, or you have a new tank and want to fill it with plants from the start, this article has everything you need! Read on for an informative guide on Java Moss care. We will cover everything from proper environment, conditions, trimming, and more! Check it out!

    Species Overview

    Scientific NameTaxiphyllum barbieri
    Common NamesJava moss
    FamilyHypnaceae
    OriginSoutheast Asia
    Skill LevelEasy
    LightingLow-High, 40-200 PAR (Umols)
    Tank PlacementForeground, Midground, Attached, Floating, Carpet
    Flow RateModerate
    Temperature Range64-86ยฐF
    HeightUp to 4 inches
    pH Range5.0 โ€“ 8.0
    PropagationDivision
    Growth RateModerate
    Feed TypeColumn Feeder
    CO2 RequirementNo, but recommended

    Origins And Habitat

    Java moss is native to Southeast Asia where it grows in a variety of moist habitats, both above and below the water. This aquatic plant grows on river banks, attached to rocks, wood, and tree trunks.

    What Does It Look Like?

     Java moss is an all-green creeping moss that forms a tangled mass of delicate stems. The stems hold branches that reach nearly an inch in length. You can see videos and clips from it from our YouTube video above.

    The branches are covered in tiny, hollow leaves. Interestingly, Java moss that is grown emersed develops much larger leaves than those grown submerged. The shade of green and the density of the plant varies depending on the strength of the lighting where the plant is growing.

    Java moss does not have true roots and gathers all its nutrients through its leaves and stems in the water column. They do, however, have fine red-brown structures known as rhizoids that work like roots to attach the plant to solid structures.

    Java Moss Care Guide

    Java moss works really well in a variety of aquascapes. This moss adds amazing textures and accents to nature aquariums, especially if grown on hardscape features like driftwood.

    Java moss is one of the most versatile plants in the hobby. The secret to its versatility? Rhizoids.

    These ‘roots’ don’t absorb nutrients but have the function of anchoring the plant. Java moss does not grow from the substrate will anchor itself to just about any solid object with a bit of texture.

    That being said, these plants don’t need to be attached to anything to grow well, and can simply be left to float in the tank. Let’s take a closer look at some of the uses for Java moss in the aquarium.

    Attached To Hardscape

    One of the most popular placements in the planted tank is on hardscape features like driftwood, rocks, or even aquarium decor. Attaching the moss to your hardscape takes a little effort, but it’s really not that difficult.

    Simply tie a clump of Java moss to the object using thread or fishing line. After some time, the moss will attach itself to the object with its roots/rhizoids and the fishing line can be removed carefully.

    Java Moss on Driftwood

    Moss Tree

    As strange as it may sound, Java moss makes for a fantastic underwater tree for aquarists. Clumps of moss attached to the ends of an upright branching piece of aquarium driftwood with fishing line can look truly incredible.

    Take your time in selecting a great piece of driftwood because this will make all the difference to the finishing java moss trees. You can usually find great pieces at aquarium shops or from online stores.

    It is best to use a clear, fine fishing line or a neutral colored thread for a more natural look. The thread or fishing line can be carefully removed once the roots of the moss have attached themselves firmly to the driftwood.

    Carpet Or Wall

    Another innovative and interesting way to use this plant is to create a Java moss carpet or moss wall. Java moss is probably your most realistic option for growing carpets in a low-light tank. How to attach the moss to the wall or bottom of the tank takes a little planning, however.

    The secret is to sandwich the moss between two pieces of mesh. Stainless steel or plastic mesh works fine, and if you find that the ‘sandwich’ isn’t staying put on the substrate at the bottom of the tank, put a few stones or aquarium weights between the mesh but under the Java moss to weigh it down.

    The mesh can be cut to a shape of your choice to keep the Java moss carpet contained in the area you want it.

    A Java moss wall can be made in much the same way as a carpet, except you can use suction cups to attach it to the glass. This technique works really well for creating a natural backdrop in the tank, and that way, you can’t see the suction cups.

    Floating

    The easiest way to use Java moss is simply to toss it in your aquarium and let it grow. Java moss as a floating plant has some pros and cons though.

    On the one hand, floating Java moss is great for providing structure to bare breeding tanks without substrate and creates a safe haven for small fish, fry, and shrimps.

    Java moss can look a little untidy though and if left to drift, there’s a chance it’ll find its way up to the intake of your aquarium filter and cause you some problems.

    Floating Moss Ball

    A more complicated, but very interesting way to grow java moss is to create floating moss ball. You can do this by attaching the moss to a floating object like a wine bottle cork with thread.

    If you attach some clear fishing line to the floating moss ball and anchor it to the bottom of the tank, you can keep your moss ball in place in the midwater.

    Lighting

    Java moss isn’t very particular about lighting. It really doesn’t need much of it, but then, all aquarium plants need light to grow.

    Providing good light will result in brighter, more compact but faster-growing Java moss, but there is a catch. Strong light that isn’t perfectly balanced with nutrients and CO2 could easily result in a clump of algae-covered Java moss in your aquarium.

    What Are Good Tank Mates?

    Java moss is one of the best plants for breeder tanks because it creates a safe environment for small invertebrates and fish eggs and fry. For a very simple set-up, a big bunch of java moss grown as a floating plant in a bare tank works great.

    It’s not only baby fish that enjoy Java moss though. Any small or shy species will enjoy sheltering in a clump of moss.

    The massive surface area of this plant also provides a great area for livestock to forage on biofilm and micro-organisms. Java moss also oxygenates the water in your tank, which is great for your livestock.

    Good Tank Mates

    Just about any tropical or cool water freshwater fish that is not vegetarian can be kept with Java moss. Just be sure that the fish enjoys the same parameters as the Java moss.

    Fortunately for aquarists, it is possible to grow Java moss under such a wide range of parameters that compatibility usually isn’t a problem.

    Some great fish to keep with Java moss include:

    Fish Species To Avoid

    Goldfish and cichlids will have no problem eating your Java moss, or just tearing it up and spreading tiny pieces off this plant all over your tank in the process. If they do not eat your java moss, they can also uproot with their foraging and digging habits.

    To be on the safe side, avoid keeping any plant-eating fish like silver dollars or plecos as well. Siamese algae eaters are also reported to eat Java moss on occasion, especially the new growth.

    Feeding (Fertilization)

     Java moss is not a very heavy feeder. Generally speaking, Java moss will not require additional fertilizers, especially if you keep fish in the tank.

    In low light tanks, in particular, the moss will not be able to use excess nutrients and feeding is likely to result in a hair algae problem. In tanks with medium to strong lighting, however, a light application of liquid fertilizer can be helpful. If you are planning a mass planted aquascape that included Java Moss, you should consider investing in a quality liquid fertilizer like APT Complete.

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    CO2 Injection

    The Java moss plant does not need injected CO2 to thrive and grows very well in low-tech aquariums. The amount of carbon dioxide naturally available to plants in the aquarium is sufficient to keep this plant healthy.

    That being said, all plants require CO2 to live and photosynthesize, and added CO2 will improve the growth of Java moss if used correctly.

    How Much CO2 Do You Need?

    If you do run CO2 in your tank, and you keep fish or other aquatic animals, it is important to ensure that your levels never exceed 30 ppm. Above this level, CO2 causes suffocation in your livestock and will result in losses.

    How long Should You Run CO2?

    When you start up your CO2 injection, it takes about 2 hours for the gas to reach optimum levels in the aquarium. Therefore, it is best to start adding CO2 before your lights start up.

    Since plants can’t use carbon dioxide in the absence of light, It is best to shut off your CO2 at the same time as your lights go off, or a little before.

    Usually, you should run your lights for about 8-10 hours per day, which means you should run carbon dioxide for 10-12 hours per day for the best result.

    Types

    Java moss (Taxiphyllum barbieri) can be pretty variable in appearance, depending on the water condition in the aquarium. There are a few similar species of moss in the hobby, however. Although they are different species, with different care requirements, they are very similar-looking plants.

    Similar Species

    • Christmas mossVesicularia montagnei
    • Singapore moss – Vesicularia dubyana
    • Weeping moss – Vesicularia ferriei
    • Taiwan moss – Taxiphyllum alternans
    • Peacock moss – Taxiphyllum sp. ‘Peacock’
    • Stringy moss – Leptodictyum riparium
    • Phoenix moss – Fissidens fontanus

    Care

    Java moss care is very easy, provided you grow it in suitable conditions. This plant can be trimmed heavily using a pair of aquascaping scissors, but this can be quite a messy business.

    The trimmings tend to drift around and look pretty unsightly. Sometimes trimmings will settle somewhere and begin to grow there, making this plant quite difficult to contain if you’re not careful.

    One way to avoid this problem is to ask a friend to vacuum up the Java moss trimmings as you cut them so that they cant drift around. If you can’t find someone willing to stick their hands into your fish tank, you can try multi-tasking. Some people even get creative and attach their aquascaping scissors to the end of the vacuum intake. Here is a great video on java moss trimming by AlanScaping.

    It is wise to switch off your filter while trimming to prevent leaves and branches from getting sucked up. Filters with pre-filter sponges over their intakes are also very handy for planted tanks.

    Vacuuming your Java moss as part of your normal cleaning and maintenance routine is a good idea to remove any detritus that could settle in the moss and result in changes to water quality.

    Java moss carpets made with mesh or moss attached to driftwood can also be removed from the tank and rinsed off using water removed during a water change.

    Planted Tank Parameters

    Java moss isn’t very picky about water parameters. When it comes to pH, Java moss grows fine from 5 through 8 and does well in hard or soft water.

    It can be grown over a pretty wide range of temperatures, from 64 right up to 86ยฐF. They do show a preference for slightly cooler conditions, however, and tend to grow best in aquariums from 70-75 ยฐF.

    Water Quality

    Java moss actually helps to improve water quality by soaking up excess nutrients from fish food and waste. This doesn’t mean you don’t have to stay on top of your water quality, however, because nutrient-rich conditions tend to favor algae growth.

    One of the most effective ways for aquarists to maintain good water quality is to perform regular partial water changes. This is important because often your filter alone can’t keep the water safe and harmful chemicals can build up over time.

    Get into the routine of doing a water change regularly every week or two, and always remember to use a water conditioner to make tap water safe for your moss and livestock.

    Filtration

    One of the downsides of Java moss is the tiny leaves and branches getting sucked up into aquarium filters and clogging up the filter media. This is especially likely after trimming your Java moss, or if your plants grow unattached in your tank. Lots of filter maintenance should be done and broken pieces of moss should be removed immediately to prevent excess ammonia production and algae growth. Consider a quality power filter for smaller aquarium or a canister filter for larger setups.

    Flow

     Java moss grows best in tanks with good flow. Not too powerful, but enough to keep water circulating through the plants to provide fresh water to the inner stems and prevent waste from settling on the plants.

    Aquarium Maintenance

    Aquarium maintenance is an essential part of the hobby and is also an important part of growing vibrant and healthy Java moss. Let’s take a closer look at how to maintain your aquarium.

    Testing Water Conditions

    Even though Java moss can grow in a pretty wide range of conditions, it’s always a good idea to test your water regularly. This is pretty quick and easy to do using a simple test kit from your local aquarium store and will help you keep an eye on the health of your aquarium.

    The best time to test is before adding any plants to your aquarium, and then just before each water change. In this way, you’ll know the parameters of your local water, and whether you’re performing water changes often enough.

    How To Set Up Your Tank

     Java moss has no specific tank requirements really. It is such a versatile plant that it can grow in most aquariums, provided your parameters are compatible with its needs. Your choice of substrate is not really important at all.

    If you don’t have any sort of prefilter over the intake of the filter in the tank, consider buying a model that does or you can rig your own if you’re handy. Just be sure that whatever you use does not restrict the flow too much because this will put some strain on the motor and reduce the effectiveness of your filter.

    Java moss is great for just about any tank size, from nano tanks of just a few gallons and up. This moss will spread to dominate a very small tank though so you’ll need to stay on top of trimming.

    How To Propagate

    The Java moss plant is one of the easiest live aquatic plants to propagate. Simply divide the plant by cutting or tearing a few stems off a clump and attach them to the hardscape or allow them to float.

    Health And Disease

    Signs Of Good Health

    Healthy Java moss plants should have a vibrant green coloration and be soft but not fall apart too easily. Out of the water, this plant will be very limp but should have great texture underwater.

    Signs Of Poor Health

    Avoid Java moss that is turning yellow or brown. Adding unhealthy Java moss to your tank that is already brown and falling apart is a bad idea and will probably just result in a mess.

    Common Health Issues And Treatment

    Algae

    One of the most common health issues with Java moss is your carpet getting covered in algae. One way to treat this problem is to dose the affected plant with a weak solution of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide works wonders for killing algae, but it can also kill your fish, inverts if not used carefully.

    A rule to live by when it comes to using chemicals in your fish tank is: use as little as possible to get the job done. Remember, if you haven’t used enough, you can always try again next week, but if you use too much, the results can be devastating.

    As with all algae growth issues, it is far more effective to focus on the cause of the problem rather than treating it with chemicals. The most common causes are:

    • Light that is too powerful and/or on for too long each day
    • An imbalance of light, nutrients, and carbon dioxide in the system
    Java Moss and Shrimp

    Algae eating animals can be very helpful for algae control in general as well. It must be noted that not all algae eaters will feed on every variety of algae. Some examples of algae eaters include:

    Of course, before adding any algae eater to your tank, make sure your tank is big enough and set up correctly for that species.

    Melt

    It is very common for aquatic plants to ‘melt’ when first introduced to your tank. This usually happens because the conditions in your tank are different from what the plant has been used to, and it needs to go through an adjustment period.

    While adjusting, Parts of the plant will change color, eventually dying and rotting away. It is better to cut away any dying foliage and remove them from your tank, rather than leaving them to rot and affect your water quality.

    Nutrient Deficiencies

    Java moss does not need much in the way of nutrients, but if you do find your plants are losing color, you may want to try dosing a fertilizer with iron and macronutrients.

    Use fertilizers in moderation though, too much can cause algae problems.

    Plant Pests

    Because of the dense and tangled nature of Java moss, it’s very easy for unwanted pests and parasites to hitch a ride from the farm where they were grown, or your local aquarium store, and into your tank.  

    To prevent this, rinse the plant out with water from your fish tank when you get it home. Never use straight tap water for this because it can contain harmful chemicals that will damage your moss.

    A very weak solution of 20 parts water to one part bleach makes a great pest-killing dip. Dip your moss in the solution for about a minute and then rinse it out carefully and thoroughly in water with a dechlorinator before adding the moss to your aquarium.

    Where To Buy

    Java moss is a very popular in the aquarium trade is widely available. You can usually pick up this plant pretty cheaply from your local aquarium store. Apart from physically visiting pet stores, a more convenient option is to order your aquarium plants online. The link in the box below will take you to retailers who sell quality Java moss. Check it out!

    FAQS

    Is it good for aquariums?

    Java moss is a great plant for aquariums. It provides a safe refuge for fry and small animals while oxygenating the water and soaking up excess nutrients in the water column.

    How fast does it grow?

    Java moss tends to have a slow to moderate growth rate. The growing speed does vary a lot depending on the conditions in the tank, however. It is possible to speed up Java moss growth with better lighting and CO2 injection and fertilizers, provided you keep everything in balance to avoid algae problems.

    How do you keep this type of moss alive?

    Java moss is usually a very easy aquarium plant to keep alive. It is tough and adaptable and it thrives in most freshwater aquariums. Make sure your tank setup and parameters match this plant’s needs and you should have no problem.

    Can brown moss turn green again?

    Fully brown Java moss is dead and should be removed from your tank before it breaks apart and rots. Naturally, you want to give your plant the benefit of the doubt of course, and if there are any healthy green branches, they may well pull through and regrow.

    A safe option is to remove the dying moss from your tank and see if you can grow it in a separate container filled with your tank water, that way if it doesn’t bounce back, you won’t have to worry about it spoiling in your tank.

    Closing Thoughts

    Java moss is a really fun and versatile plant that is great for all planted tank enthusiasts, from beginners all the way to professional aquarists.

    Making Java moss grow can be as simple as dropping some in the aquarium or as interesting as making moss trees and walls with suction cups. This is definitely one plant that everyone should consider growing.


    ๐ŸŒฟ Want to learn more? This article is part of our complete Planted Tank & Aquascaping Guide โ€” your ultimate resource for aquarium plants, aquascaping styles, substrates, and more.